Download Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology - CHOW

Introduction to
Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy
– Structural organization of living things
• Physiology
– Basic processes that occur in the human body
Anatomical Position
•
•
•
•
Upright, standing position
Face & feet pointing forward
Arms at side
Palms facing forward (supinated)
Why do we care?
Universal starting point from
which to describe anatomical
features and positions
Consistency of description ability to communicate with
each other
*structures will always be
described as they are to the
subject rather *
Anatomical Terms of Location
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•
•
•
•
Anterior/Posterior
Superior/Inferior
Proximal/Distal
Medial/Lateral
Superficial/Deep
Pg. 6 in textbook
Refers to a part of the body in relation to another
TERM
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
The knee cap is on the anterior
side of the leg
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
The shoulder blades are posterior
to the ribs
Superior
Towards the head
The heart is superior to the
stomach
Inferior
Towards the feet
The chest is inferior to the neck
Medial
Towards the midline of the body
The big toe is medial to the 5th toe
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
The thumb is on the lateral side of
the hand
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or point of origin
The hip is proximal to the knee
Distal
Further from the trunk or point of
origin
The wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the body
Skin is superficial to the muscle
Deep
Further from the surface
The lungs are deep to the ribs
Examples:
ANTERIOR to the ears.
The nose is ____________
SUPERFICIAL to the skin.
The fingernails are ____________
MEDIAL to the thumb.
The pinky is __________
Anatomical Planes
Frontal
Relate to positions in
space and are at right
angles to one another
Transverse
Sagittal
1. Frontal (coronal) plane
– Divides body into front & back
segments
2. Transverse (horizontal) plane
– Divides body into upper & lower
segments
3. Sagittal (median) plane
– Divides body into right & left
segments
Frontal
Transverse
Sagittal
Anatomical Axes
An axis is a
straight line
around which an
object rotate
Movement at the
joint take place in
a plane about an
axis
Horizontal
Longitudinal
Antero-posterior
1. Horizontal axis
– East-west in relationship to
anatomical position
2. Longitudinal axis
– North-south in relationship
to anatomical position
3. Antero-posterior axis
– Front to back in relationship
to anatomical position
Describing Position & Movement
• A body movement can be described in terms
of the anatomical plane through which it
occurs and the anatomical axis around which
it rotate
RULE:
The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the
plane of movement
Longitudinal
Sagittal
Plane
Frontal
Plane
AnteroPosterior
Horizontal
Transverse
Plane
Axis of Rotation
Horizontal
Plane of Motion
Example
Sagittal
Walking
Squatting
Cycling
Longitudinal
Transverse
Twist
Pirouette
Antero-posterior
Frontal
Jumping Jacks
Side Bend
Types of Body Movement
pg. 4-5 in
textbook
Retraction/Protraction
Abduction/Adduction
Flexion/Extension
Pronation/Supination
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
Depression/Elevation
Reposition/Opposition
Inversion/Eversion
External Rotation/Internal Rotation
Circumduction
External
Rotation
Internal
Rotation
Thumb
Reposition
Movements in Anatomical Planes
What types of movement occur on these planes?
• Sagittal Plane
• Frontal Plane
• Transverse Plane