Download 01-Introduction2008-10

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ohra/default.aspx
By
Dr. Saeed Vohra
Let us wish you the best for your
studies in Anatomy and in your
other courses.
We hope that you will enjoy this
course, as well as learn some
morphology and histology. If you
have any problems with the course
work, please come and see one of
us right away: we can often help
you find a solution
The Chairman
Dr. Musaed Alfayez
Ph.D. Glasgow UK
MBBS PhD Japan
Assistant Professor
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the
body with relation to each other. Derived
from the Greek to cut up: the Latin 'to cut
up' gives us dissect.
To avoid confusion, it is
always assumed that the
body is in a standard position
called
Anatomical Position
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In anatomical
position
•the body is
standing erect
•the feet parallel
•the face facing
forward
•the arms
hanging at the
sides
•the palms facing
forward
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Directional Terms
Superior/Cranial
A term indicating that a given structure lies above
another (towards the head)
Inferior/Caudal
Away from the head end or towards the lower part of
the body
Anterior/Ventral
Towards the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal
Relating to the back or the dorsal aspect of the body
Medial
Situated close to or at the midline of the body or
organ
Lateral
Located away from the midline
Intermediate
Between the medial & lateral structure
Proximal
Close to the point of attachment of a structure
Distal
Away from the point of attachment of a structure (as
opposed to proximal)
Superficial
On or near the body surface
Deep:
Away from the body surface
BODY PLANES
Median
Plane:
A vertical plane
extending in an
antero-posterior
direction dividing
the body into two
equal parts (right
and left parts)
Sagittal
Plane:
A vertical plane
extending in an
antero-posterior
direction dividing
the body into right
and left parts
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
A vertical plane at
right angles to
the sagittal plane
that divides the
body into anterior
and posterior
parts
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane
A transverse
plane
dividing the
body into
superior and
inferior parts
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TERMS OF MOVEMENTS
Flexion:
A movement, in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of
the joint, and brings two bones closure
Extension:
A movement, in the sagittal plane, that increase the angle, or
distance between two bones ( opposite of flexion)
Abduction:
A movement away from midline or median plane of the body
Adduction:
A movement toward midline (opposite of abduction)
Rotation:
Movement of bone around a fixed axis
Circumduction:
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction
Pronation:
Moving the palm from an anterior position to posterior position
Supination:
Moving the palm from a posterior position to anterior position
Inversion:
Turning the sole of the foot medially
Eversion:
Turning the sole of the foot laterally
Dorsiflexion:
Movement of foot up towards the leg (standing on heels)
Planter flexion:
Movement of toes towards the ground (standing on toes)
Origin:
The proximal point of muscle attachment that is fixed or less
moveable during the muscle contraction
Insertion:
The distal point of muscle attachment that is moveable during
the muscle contraction
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Body Cavities
Ventral Cavity
occupied by the abdominal and perineal
a. Thoracic Cavity
b. Abdominopelvic Cavity
i. Abdominal
ii. Pelvic
Dorsal Cavity
occupied by the brain and spinal cord
a. Cranial Cavity
b. Spinal Cavity
Skeleton
System
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Classification of Bones
According to the basic types of bone tissue
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
According to the shape
There are four types
1. Short bones
2. Long bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
Functions of the bones
1. Support & Shape
Supports & anchors all soft organs
Bones of the legs act as pillars to support the
body trunk when we stand
Without bones, our body will not be having any
shape
2. Protection
Brain is protected by the skull and rib cage
protects the lungs heart & liver
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Blood cell formation
Skeletal System
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Bones of Upper Limb
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Classification of Joints
1- Fibrous
Sutures of the skull
2-Cartilaginous Intervertebral,
pubic symphysis
3- Synovial
Plane
Hinge
Ball & Socket
Condyloid
Saddle
Pivot
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