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Anatomy of Skeletal Elements
The Musculoskeletal system
• 206 bones
• grouped into the axial and appendicular
skeletons
• 650 muscles
– approximately 40% of your body weight
– also divided into an axial and an appendicular
division
Classification of Bones
• 6 types - based on anatomical
classification
– Long bones = greater length than width
– Short bones = cube-shaped, spongy
bone except at surface
– Flat bones = two parallel plates of
compact bone sandwiching spongy bone
layer
– Irregular bones = cannot be grouped
– Sesamoid bones = develop in tendons
where there is considerable friction,
tension and stress
– Sutural bones = located within joints
between cranial bones
Bone Markings (surface features)
• Used to identify specific
elevations, depressions,
and openings of bones
• Bone markings provide
distinct and
characteristic landmarks
for orientation and
identification of bones
and associated
structures.
Bony Processes
• Depressions and openings
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–
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Fissure – narrow slit
Foramen – hole for nerves, blood vessels
Fossa – cuplike depression
Sulcus – furrow on a bone surface, contains a nerve or blood vessel
Meatus – tubelike opening
• Processes – projection or outgrowth on bone for attachment
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Condyle – smoothened process at end of bone, forms a joint
Facet – smooth flat surface, forms a joint
Head – rounded condyle on a neck, forms a joint
Crest – prominent ridge or projection, for attachment of connective tissues
Epicondyle – projection above a condyle, for attachment of connective tissues
Line – long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a crest), for attachment of
connective tissues
Spinous process – sharp, slender projection, for attachment of connective tissues
Trochanter – process of the femur, for attachment of connective tissues
Tubercle – process of the humerus, for attachment of connective tissues
Tuberosity – roughening on a bone surface, for attachment of connective tissues
Skeletal system includes
• Axial division
– Skull and associated bones
• Auditory ossicles
• Hyoid bones
– Vertebral column
– Thoracic cage
• Ribs & sternum
• Appendicular division
-Pectoral girdle
-Pelvic girdle
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
AXIAL DIVISION
Part A
The Axial Skeleton
• Axial division
– Skull and
associated bones
• Auditory ossicles
• Hyoid bone
– Vertebral column
– Thoracic cage
• Ribs & Sternum
The Skull and Associated Bones
The Adult Skull
• skull = 22 bones
• cranium = 8 bones: 1 frontal, 1 occipital, 2 temporals, 2 parietals, 1 sphenoid
and 1 ethmoid
• facial bones = 14 bones: 2 nasals, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatics ,1 mandible, 2
lacrimals, 2 palatines, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer
• mandible and auditory ossicles are the only movable skull bones
The Adult Skull
• skull is made up of several cavities
– 1. cranial cavity
– 2. nasal cavity
– 3. the orbits
– 4. paranasal sinuses
• skull contains many holes for the passage of nerves and vessels =
foramen/foramina
• cranial bones also attach to membranes called meninges
• outer surface provides large areas for muscle attachment that move
the head or provide facial expressions
Sutures
• Immovable joints
• form boundaries between skull bones
• four main sutures
–
–
–
–
–
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
PLUS lots of smaller sutures
• e.g. Frontonasal
• e.g.Temperozygomatic
Occipital Bone
• part of the base of the
skull
• surrounds the foramen
magnum
• forms part of the
jugular foramen
• hypoglossal foramen
found under the occipital
condyles
Mastoid notch
Parietal Bone
•Part of the superior and lateral
surfaces of the cranium
•united by a sagittal suture
•connects to frontal bone by coronal
suture
•connects to occipital bone by
lambdoid suture
Temporal Bone
Petrous
portion
Tympanic
portion
•forms wall of jugular foramen
•three portions: squamous, petrous and tympanic
•petrous part houses tympanic membrane and middle and
inner ears
•auditory ossicles of middle ear transmit sound to inner ear
Temporal Bone
Temporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid
Frontal process of zygomatic bone
Squamous
portion
Lacrimal bone
Petrous
portion
Tympanic
portion
Maxillary process
of zygomatic bone
Articular
Tubercle
Frontal Bone
Supraorbital ridge
or margin
glabella
Internasal suture
Frontal process of maxilla
Zygomatic process
of maxilla
– Forms the forehead &
roof of the orbit
glabella
Sphenoid Bone
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•
•
Contributes to floor of cranium
Bridges cranial and facial bones
Optic canal allows passage of optic nerve
Pterygoid processes sites of muscle attachment
Ethmoid Bone
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Irregularly shaped bone
forms part of orbit & forms roof of nasal cavity
Cribriform plate with olfactory foramina for olfactory nerves
Perpendicular plate forms part of nasal septum
Facial Bones: Maxilla
• Paired bone
– Largest of the facial
bones
– Forms upper jaw
Facial Bones: Mandible
• entire lower jaw
• articulates with
temporal bone at the
Temporomandibular
joint
• moveable part of skull
Facial bones
• Nasal bones
– Paired bones
– Articulate with frontal bone
– Extend to superior border of external
nares
• Vomer
Nasal bones
– Forms inferior (bottom) portion of
nasal septum
– Articulates with maxillae and
palatine bones
Facial bones
• Inferior nasal concha
– Located on each side of nasal septum
– Increase epithelial surface
– Create turbulence in inspired air
• Zygomatic bone
– Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone
– Forms zygomatic arch
Facial bones
•Lacrimal bones
–Smallest bones in skull
–Delivers tears to nasal cavity via
nasolacrimal canal
• Palatine bones
– Small
– L-shaped
– Form posterior portion of
hard palate
– Contribute to floor of orbit
The Orbit
• Orbital complex
– Bony recess that holds the eye
– Seven bones
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Frontal bone
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone
Zygomatic bone
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Skull: Inferior View
Basilar
Portion
Condylar fossa
Condylar foramen
may be present
Petrous
portion
Skull: Interior View
Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy of
the Skull, Part I
Tuberculum sellae
Cerebral surface of
Greater wing of sphenoid
Hypophyseal fossa
Dorsum sella
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Foramen
Rotundum
Sella
Turcica
Cranial Fossae
• Depressions in cranial
floor
• for the lobes of the
brain
• Anterior cranial fossa
– Frontal bone, ethmoid,
lesser wings of sphenoid
• Middle cranial fossa
– Sphenoid, temporal
bones, parietal bones
• Posterior cranial fossa
– Occipital bone, temporal
bones, parietal bones
Skull: Sagittal View
Skull: Sagittal View
The Nasal Complex
• Bones and cartilage that
enclose the nasal cavity
• lined with a nasal mucosa
• associated with the 4
paranasal sinuses
– hollow airways
– lined with mucosa – like nasal
mucosa
– found in the frontal bones,
sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae
The Paranasal Sinuses
Infant Skull: The Fontanels
• the flat bones in the infant
skull are separated by
fontanels
• fibrous connections
between skull bones
• permit infant skulls to pass
through birth canal
• permit the skulls of infants
and children to continue
growing
• will be replaced by sutures
in the adult skull
The Hyoid Bone
• Consists of a body, greater horns and lesser horns
• Base for muscles of the tongue and larynx
Adult Vertebral Column
• strong, flexible rod
– average male = 71 cm (28 inches)
– average female – 61 cm (24 inches)
• capable of moving
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anteriorly
posteriorly
laterally
also rotation
• supports the head
• encloses and protects the spinal cord
• allows for the exit of 31 pairs of spinal
nerves – through intervertebral
foramina
Adult Vertebral Column
• 26 vertebrae
– 24 individual vertebrae
– Sacrum
– Coccyx
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Seven cervical vertebrae
Twelve thoracic vertebrae
Five lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx – 4 fused vertebrae
Adult Vertebral Column
• vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
– discs of fibrocartilage made up of an
outer ring and a softer inner region
– found between C1 and C2 and all the
way down to between L5 and the
sacrum
– form the joints of the vertebral
column
Adult Vertebral Column
• absorb shock – flatten,
broaden and bulge outward
• weakening in the outer ring
can allow the herniation of
the inner material
Spinal Curvature
• Four curvatures: increase the strength of the column
– Thoracic (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the
fetus
– Sacral (primary) – forms fetally and retain the curve of the fetus
– Cervical (secondary) – forms when the baby holds its head erect
– Lumbar (secondary) – forms upon walking
Vertebrae
• Every vertebrae has the
following:
– 1. body – weight bearing part of the
vertebra
• separated by the discs
– 2. vertebral arch – surrounds the
spinal cord
• surrounds a hole called a vertebral
foramen
– 3. processes – seven of them
• 1. Spinous (1) – muscle attachment
• 2. Transverse (2) – muscle
attachment
• 3. Superior articular (2) – forms
joint with upper vertebra
• 4. Inferior articular (2) – forms
joint with lower vertebra
Vertebrae
• cervical vertebrae =
transverse foramina in the
transverse processes
• bifid spinous process
• 1st two cervical vertebrae
(atlas and axis) look
different but have all aspects
of a vertebrae
Cervical Vertebra
Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar
Fused Vertebrae: The sacrum & coccyx
• Sacrum - Union of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5) – completely fused by age 30
– median sacral crest = fused spinous processes
– sacral ala = fused transverse processes
– sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus
• Coccyx = Union of 4 vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) – completely fused by age 30
Rib Cage
• 12 pairs of ribs
• vertebral end for articulation with the facets of the 12 thoracic
vertebrae – both body and the transverse process
• sternal end for articulation with the sternum
Rib Cage
-three kinds of ribs:
1. True – separate &
direct connection to
the sternum via
costal cartilage
2. False – no direct
connection to the
sternum – joined via
a composite piece of
costal cartilage
3. Floating – no
connection to the
sternum
Sternum
• comprised of the:
• 1. Manubrium – with
two clavicular
notches and a jugular
notch
• 2. Body – connects to
manubrium via a
sternal angle
• 3. Xiphoid process
Sternum & Rib Cage
• several muscles and muscle groups either originate from the
sternum and/or ribcage (or costal cartilages) or insert onto these
structures
– sternum:
• sternocleidomastoid
• sternohyoid & sternothryoid – depresses hyoid bone and larynx
– ribcage:
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intercostals – external and internal
serratus anterior & posterior
numerous muscles of the vertebral column
pectoralis major & minor
4 muscles of the abdominal wall
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR DIVISION
Part A
Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of upper and lower limbs
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles
– Connect limbs to trunk
Shoulder Girdle
• Includes
– Scapula (shoulder blade)
– Clavicle (collarbone)
• Squares shoulders
• Helps move the upper
limb
• Provides a base for
muscle attachment
Clavicle
• S-shaped bone
• Connects manubrium of sternum to the acromion process of scapula
• Only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton
The Scapula
•
•
Medial or vertebral border is the insertion point for the rhomboids, levator scapulae & serratus
anterior
Two processes attach to ligaments and tendons
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Coracoid process – e.g insertion for pectoralis minor, origin of biceps
Acromion process – e.g. origin of the deltoid
•
•
•
continues on to become the scapular spine
Articulates at the round head of the humerus to form the glenohumoral joint
Articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
Figure 7.5a, b The Scapula
The Humerus
• articulates with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• possesses an anatomical neck for
capsule attachment and a surgical neck
• trochlea and capitulum form joints
with the ulna and radius = elbow joint
• numerous muscles insert at greater and
lesser tubercle
– greater tubercle – insertion of 3 rotator
cuff muscles + pectoralis major
– lesser tubercle – insertion for the other
rotator cuff
• intertubercular groove – insertion for
latissimus dorsi
• deltoid tuberosity
– insertion of deltoid muscle
The Radius and Ulna
• Parallel bones of the forearm
• radial tuberosity – insertion
point for the biceps brachii
• Olecranon process of ulna
articulates with olecranon
fossa of humerus
– olecranon process is a major
point of muscle attachment for
the triceps
• Coronoid fossa of humerus
accommodates coronoid
process of ulna
– insertion for the major forearm
flexor = brachialis
Carpal Bones
• 8 wrist bones
• Two rows, proximal and distal
– scaphoid bone, lunate bone, triquetrum, pisiform
– trapezium, trapezoid bone, capitate bone, hamate bone
– scaphoid = most commonly injured carpal bone
• fall on the outstretched hand – fracture into two separate pieces (tears blood vessels)
“Some
lovers try
positions
that they
can’t
handle”
Metacarpal Bones
• Articulate with distal
carpals
• Distally articulate with
phalanges
– Fingers have three
phalanges
– Pollex/thumb has two
phalanges
The Pelvic Girdle
• the pelvic girdle consists of the two ossa coxae.
• ossum coxa
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis
• union between pelvis and
sacrum = sacroiliac joint
The Pelvic Girdle
• Ilium
– Largest hip bone
– accommodates the head
of the femur
– Fused to ischium
posteriorly
– Fused to pubis anteriorly
via the superior ramus
• Ischium
– “sit bones”
– ischial spine & tuberosity
• ischial tuberosity – site of origin
for hamstrings and adductor
magnus
– lesser sciatic notch
– ramus unites with the pubis
• Pubis
– “pubic bone”
– superior & inferior ramus
• rami connect to the ilium and ischium
• surrounds the obturator foramen
– pubic symphysis is pad of
fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones
• known as an amphithrotic (slightly
movable) joint
– inferior pubic ramus for origin of iliacus
(hip flexor), gracilis, adductor brevis and
magnus (hip adductors)
– superior pubic ramus for origin of the hip
adductor pectineus
– pubic crest/tubercle for origin of adductor
longus
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iliac fossa for origin of iliacus
iliac crest for origin of gluteus maximus and
medius
anterior gluteal line for origin of gluteus medius
anterior superior iliac spine for origin of
sartorius
anterior inferior iliac spine for origin of rectus
femoris
greater sciatic notch for passage of sciatic nerve
Figure 7.12a-c Divisions of the
Pelvis
Female vs. Male Pelvis
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Smoother
Lighter
Less prominent markings
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Less sacral curvature
Wider more circular pelvic
inlet
• Broader pubic angle
The Femur
• Longest bone in body
– takes 4-5 months to completely replace
• Rounded head on an anatomical
neck
– fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis to
form the hip joint
• proximal trochanters for muscle
attachment
• Distal medial and lateral condyles
articulate with tibia – to form the
knee joint
– knee joint is a hinge joint capable of one
plane of motion
•
•
Large tendon attachments to
the trochanters and the linea
aspera
Linea aspera
–
–
–
•
roughened line on the back of the
femur
origin for the hamstring biceps
femoris (short head) & the knee
extensor vastus medialis
also the insertion point for
adductor longus, brevis and
magnus
Greater and lesser
trochanters
– greater trochanter – origin
of vastus lateralis (knee
extensor) & the insertion
point for the hip abductors:
gluteus medius and minimus
and piriformis
– lesser trochanter – insertion
for iliopsoas (hip flexor)
The Patella
• Large sesmoid bone - forms within the tendon of the
quadriceps femoris.
• Forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle group
• Patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity
The Tibia
• Largest bone of leg
• Tibial tuberosity
– site of insertion for the quadriceps
femoris
• Anterior margin
– known as the “shin bone”
• Intercondylar eminence
between the condyles
– condyles of the tibia form the knee
joint with the condyles of the
femur
• Medial malleolus
– Medial support for talocrural joint
The Tibia & Fibula
The Tarsus
• Seven tarsal bones
– calcaneus = heel
• weight of body transferred
through this bone!
– talus – forms the ankle joint
with the tibia and fibula
• ligaments from the two
malleolus processes reinforce
this joint
– navicular
– cuboid
– 3 cuneiform bones
•
weight passing through the calcaneus then passes along to 5 metatarsal
bones that form 2 arches:
-Longitudinal arch
-Transverse arch
Joints
Supportive Connective tissue: Cartilage
1. Cartilage: functions in support, attachment, protection
-cells = chondrocytes
-matrix = collagen II fibers embedded in a gellike ground-substance
-ground substance - water + proteoglycans
-proteoglycans – core protein (aggrecan) + sugars
(e.g. chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine)
-in developing child - model for future bone
(endochondral bone formation)
-avascular tissue - produces anti-angiogenic
chemicals (inhibits growth of blood vessels)
-therefore diffusion is the main mode of
transport
Proteoglycan
-3 types: 1) Hyaline - most common
- “glass”
- ends of bones, within joints (synovial, articular),
- end of nose, supports respiratory passages
2. Elastic - flexible cartilage
- external ears and parts of larynx
3. Fibrocartilage - very tough -> more collagen fibers
- shock absorber
e.g. intervertebral discs of the knee
Classification of Joints
Articulation (A Joint)
•
•
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Wherever two bones interact
Function depends on structure
can classify according to:
A. structure – i.e. what they are made of
A. fibrous
B. cartilagenous
C. synovial
B. function - movement
– No movement = synarthrotic
– Slight movement = amphithrotic
– Extensive movement = diathrotic
Fibrous Joints
•lack a synovial cavity
•articulating surfaces are held very closely by fibrous connective tissue
•three types:
1. Sutures: composed a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
-unites the bones of the skull
e.g. coronal suture
-interlocking edges of the suture gives them strength
-immovable joint
2. Syndesmoses: greater distance between articular edges
-more fibrous connective tissue
-connective tissue arranged as a sheet (interosseous membrane)
or bundle (ligament)
-slightly movable
e.g. tibiofibular ligament connecting the tibiofibular joint
e.g. interosseous membranes between the radius and ulna, tibia and fibula
3. Gomphoses: cone shaped peg fits into a socket
e.g articulations of the roots of the teeth with the jaw
-held by the periodontal ligament
-immovable
Cartilagenous Joints
•lacks a synovial cavity
•allows little or no movement
•articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
1. Synchondroses: connecting material is hyaline cartilage
e.g. epiphyseal/growth plate of a growing bone
-immovable
2. Symphyses: ends of bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage but are connected by a flat disc of
fibrocartilage
-all symphyses occur at the midline of the body
e.g. pubic symphysis - connects two ends of the pubis
bones
e.g. intervertebral joints between the bodies of 2
vertebrae
-slightly movable
Synovial joints
Synovial Joints
•presence of a synovial cavity between the articulating bone surfaces
•freely movable joints
•lined with hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
•filled with a fluid called synovial fluid
•surrounded by a fibrous capsule – inside is lined with a synovial membrane
•movement is along three possible axes:
Monaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial or Multiaxial
Synovial Joints: General Anatomy
• Articular/Joint capsule encloses joint cavity
– continuous with periosteum of the bones of the
joint
– lined by a synovial membrane that produces
synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage
covering the joint surfaces
• Articular discs and menisci
– found in the jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and
knee joints
– absorbs shock, guides bone movements and
distributes forces
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone
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Synovial joints
Synovial Joints
•synovial joint movement is along three possible axes:
Monaxial or uniaxial – e.g. knee joint, elbow joint
Biaxial – e.g interphalangeal joint
Triaxial or Multiaxial – e.g. shoulder & hip joint
Synovial joints
Synovial Joints Types
•6 subtypes:
1. planar/gliding
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. condyloid
5. saddle
6. ball and socket
1. Planar/Gliding joints : articulating surfaces are flat or slightly
curved
-permit side to side or back and forth gliding
motions
-non-axial - no motions around an axis
-some books say they are limited monaxial joints
e.g. intercarpal joints of the wrist bones
e.g. intertarsal joints of the ankle bones
2. Hinge joints: convex surface of one bone fits into a concave
surface
-produces an angular, open and close movement
-movement is in one plane of motion = monaxial
3. Pivot joints: rounded or pointed end of one bone fits into a ring of
another
-also monaxial
-rotates around a longitudinal axis
e.g. atlas-axis joint - first 2 vertebrae
4. Condyloid joints: or ellipsoid joints
-convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the
oval-shaped depression of another bone
-biaxial = two planes of motion
e.g. metacarpals and proximal phalanges
e.g. metatarsals and proximal phalanges
e.g. atlanto-occipital joint
5. Saddle joints: articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped
-modified condyloid joint
-biaxial – but more moveable than condyloid joints
e.g. thumb metacarpal and trapezium carpal bone
= trapeziometacarpal joint
6. Ball and socket joints: ball-like end of one bone fits into a
cuplike depression of another
-mult-iaxial - several planes of motion
e.g. hip joint, shoulder joint
Three categories based on range of
motion
• Synarthroses
– Immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses
– Slightly movable joints
• Diarthroses
– Freely movable joints
Synarthroses
• Bony edges may interlock
• Sutures
– Between skull bones
• Gomphosis
– Between teeth and jaw
• Synchondrosis
– Epiphyseal plate
• Synostosis
– Fused bones
Amphiarthroses
• Limited movements
• Syndesmosis
– Collagen fibers connect bones
• e.g. tibiofibular joint
• Symphysis
– Bones are separated by cartilage pad
• e.g. pubic symphysis
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
•
•
•
•
•
Wide range of movement
Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage
Lubricated by synovial fluid
Enclosed with joint capsule
Accessory structures
–
–
–
–
–
–
Menisci
Fat pads
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae
Tendon sheaths
Joints: Range of Motion
• Degrees through which a joint can move
• Determined by
– structure of the articular surfaces
– strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and
capsule
• stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
• double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments
– action of the muscles and tendons
• nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone
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Joints: Range of Motion
• Abduction/Adduction
• Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension
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Joints: Range of Motion
Movements of Head and Trunk
• Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of vertebral
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column
Special movement terms: Rotation
• Movement on
longitudinal axis
– rotation of trunk,
thigh, head or arm
• Medial rotation turns
the bone inwards
• Lateral rotation turns
the bone outwards
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Special movements of the hand: Pronation & Supination
• Medial and lateral
rotation of the hand –
called Pronation &
Supination
Special movements of the hand
• Radial and ulnar
flexion
• Abduction of fingers
and thumb
• Opposition is
movement of the
thumb to approach or
touch the fingertips
• Reposition is
movement back to the
anatomical position
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Special movement of the foot
• Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the foot
forward to take a step (heel strike)
• Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes point
downward as in standing on tiptoe
• Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned medially
• Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
Special movement of the Mandible: Protraction & Retraction
• Protraction & Retraction of mandible
• Lateral excursion = sideways movement
• Medial excursion = movement back to the midline
– side-to-side grinding during9-102
chewing
Representative Articulations
The Temporomandibular Joint
• TMJ = mandibular fossa of temporal bone &
condylar processes of mandible
• Thick articular disc between the bones
• Supporting structures
–
–
–
–
Dense capsule
Temporomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
• Loose hinge joint
Intervertebral Articulations
• Articular processes of
adjacent vertebrae
• Symphyseal joints at
bodies
• Ligaments bind
vertebrae
• Permits flexion,
extension, lateral
flexion, rotation
The Sternoclavicular Joint
• Gliding joint
• between the sternal end of
clavicle and manubruim of
sternum
•Articular disc
•Supports include
-Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
-Interclavicular ligaments
-Costoclavicular ligaments
The Shoulder Joint
• known as the
glenohumoral joint
– between the glenoid fossa
and head of humerus
• Loose shallow joint
• Greatest range of motion
Strength and stability are
sacrificed for motion
• Supported by ligaments
and muscles
• Many bursae to decrease
friction between ligaments
The Elbow Joint
• Hinge joint
• Flexion and extension
• Includes humeroulnar joint and humeroradial
joint
• Supported by
– Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
– Annular ligaments
The joints & ligaments of the Wrist
• Three joints
– Distal radioulnar joint
• Pivot diarthrosis
• Pronation / supination
– Radiocarpal joint
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•
•
•
Ellipsoidal articulation
Flexion/extension
Adduction/ abduction
circumduction
– Intercarpal joints
• Gliding joints
Joints of the Hand
• Intercarpal joints
– Gliding
• Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
– Saddle
• Carpometacarpal joints
– Gliding
• Metacarpophalangeal joints
– Ellipsoidal
• Interphalangeal joints
– Hinge
The Hip Joint
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ball and socket diarthrosis
Acetabulum of os coxae and head of femur
Flexion / extension
Adduction / abduction
Circumduction
Rotation
•
•
•
•
•
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Transverse acetabular ligaments
Ligament of femoral head
The Knee Joint
• Complex hinge joint
• Resembles three separate joints
– Medial condyles of femur and tibia
– Lateral condyles of femur and tibia
– Patella and patellar surface of femur
• Flexion / extension
• Limited rotation
• Support is not a single unified capsule
– Not a single fluid cavity
•
•
•
•
Fibrocartilage pads
Medial and lateral menisci
Fat pads
Seven major ligaments bind knee joint
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–
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–
Popliteals
Patellar
Anterior and posterior cruciates
Tibial and fibular collaterals
The Joints of the Ankle and Foot
• Hinge joint
• Inferior surface of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus
– Primary joint is tibiotalar
• Stabilizing ligaments
• Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
• Intertarsal joints
– Gliding
• Tarsometatarsal joints
– Gliding
• Metatarsophalangeal
– Gliding
• Interphanageal
– Hinge