Download Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

Unit
2
Support and Movement
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
Frederic H. Martini
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by
Professor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FL
Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 8:
The Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 8–1
The Appendicular Skeleton


Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:


the limbs
the supportive girdles
What are the bones of
the pectoral girdle, their
functions, and features?
The Pectoral Girdle
Figure 8–2a
The Pectoral Girdle




Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement
The Pectoral Girdle

Consists of:



2 clavicles
2 scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the
manubrium
The Clavicles
Figure 8–2b, c
The Clavicles




Also called collarbones
Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
The Scapulae



Also called shoulder blades
Broad, flat triangles
Articulate with arm and collarbone
The Scapula

Anterior surface: the
subscapular fossa
Figure 8–3a
Structures of the Scapula

Body has 3 sides:



superior border
medial border (vertebral border)
lateral border (axillary border)
Structures of the Scapula
Figure 8–3b
The Scapular Head



Holds glenoid cavity
Which articulates with humerus
To form shoulder joint
Processes of the Glenoid Cavity

Coracoid process:


anterior, smaller
Acromion:



posterior, larger
articulates with clavicle
at the acromioclavicular joint
Structures of the Scapula

Posterior surface
Figure 8–3c
Posterior Features
of the Scapula

Scapular spine:


ridge across posterior surface of body
Separates 2 regions:


supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
PLAY
3D Rotation of Scapula,
Clavicle and Humerus
What are the bones of
the upper limbs, their functions,
and features?
The Upper Limbs

Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus
The Humerus
Figure 8–4
The Humerus



Also called the arm
The long, upper armbone
Articulates with the pelvic girdle
The Distal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral epicondyles:


for muscle attachment
Condyle of the humerus:

articulates with ulna and radius
Articular Regions of the Condyle

Trochlea:



coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa
articulates with ulna
Capitulum:


radial fossa
articulates with radius
The Forearm
Figure 8–5
The Forearm


Also called the antebrachium
Consists of 2 long bones:


ulna (medial)
radius (lateral)
Ulna: The Olecranon




Superior end of ulna
Point of elbow
Superior lip of trochlear notch
Articulates with trochlea of humerus
Ulna: Articulations
with the Humerus

Forearm extended:


olecranon enters olecranon fossa
Forearm flexed:

coronoid process enters coronoid fossa
Ulna: Other Articulations

Radial notch:



articulates with head of radius
forms proximal radioulnar joint
Ulnar head:


prominent styloid process
attaches to articular disc between forearm and
wrist
The Radius



Lateral bone of forearm
Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches
biceps
Articulations of the Radius

Ulnar notch:



distal end
articulates with wrist and radius
Styloid process:

stabilizes wrist joint
The Wrist
Figure 8–6
The Wrist

8 carpal bones:



4 proximal carpal bones
4 distal carpal bones
allow wrist to bend and twist
Metacarpal Bones



The 5 long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to
medial
Articulate with proximal phalanges
Phalanges of the Hands

Pollex (thumb):


2 phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers:

3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
What are the bones of
the pelvic girdle, their functions,
and features?
The Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8–7
The Pelvic Girdle



Made up of 2 hipbones (ossa coxae)
Strong to bear body weight, stress of
movement
Part of the pelvis
Os Coxae

Made up of 3 fused bones:



ilium (articulates with sacrum)
ischium
pubis
The Acetabulum




Also called the hip socket
Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium,
and pubis
Is on the lateral surface of the os coxae
Articulates with head of the femur (lunate
surface)
Marks of the Ilium

Greater sciatic notch:

for sciatic nerve
Marks of the Pubis

Pubic symphysis:


gap between pubic tubercles
padded with fibrocartilage
Marks of the Pelvic Girdle

Obturator foramen:


formed by ischial and pubic rami
attaches hip muscles
The Pelvis
Figure 8–8
The Pelvis


Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum, and
the coccyx
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle,
sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
PLAY
3D Rotation of Pelvis
Divisions of the Pelvis
Figure 8–9
Divisions of the Pelvis

True pelvis:


encloses pelvic cavity
False pelvis:

blades of ilium above arcuate line
The True Pelvis

Pelvic brim:


upper edge of true pelvis
encloses pelvic inlet
The True Pelvis

Perineum region:



inferior edges of true pelvis
forms pelvic outlet
perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity
What are the structural and
functional differences between
the male and female pelvis?
Comparing the Male
and Female Pelvis
Figure 8–10
Comparing the Male
and Female Pelvis

Female pelvis:



smoother
lighter
less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
PLAY
Male and Female Pelvis
Pelvis Modifications
for Childbearing

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
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upwards
What are the bones of
the lower limbs, their
functions, and features?
The Lower Limbs

Functions:


weight bearing
motion
Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
Bones of the Lower Limbs



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

Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)
The Femur

The longest, heaviest bone
Figure 8–11
Femur: The Proximal Epiphysis

Femoral head:


articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
attaches at fovea capitis
Femur: The Neck


Narrow area between head and trochanters
Joins shaft at angle
Femur: Trochanters

Greater and lesser trochanters:

tendon attachments
Femur: The Distal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral epicondyles:


above the knee joint
Medial and lateral condyles:


separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar
surface
form part of knee joint
The Patella
Figure 8–12
The Patella





Also called the kneecap
A sesamoid bone
Formed within tendon of quadriceps
femoris
Base attaches quadriceps femoris
Apex attaches patellar ligament
The Tibia
Figure 8–13
The Tibia




Also called the shinbone
Supports body weight
Larger than fibula
Medial to fibula
Tibia: The Proximal Epiphysis

Medial and lateral tibial condyles:



separated by intercondylar eminence
articulate with medial and lateral condyles of
femur
Tibial tuberosity:

attaches patellar ligament
Tibia: The Shaft

Anterior margin:

sharp ridge of shinbone
Tibia: The Distal Epiphysis

Medial malleolus:

medial projection at the ankle
The Fibula



Attaches muscles of feet and toes
Smaller than tibia
Lateral to tibia
Fibula: Articulations with Tibia

Lateral malleolus:

lateral projection of ankle
The Ankle

Also called the tarsus:

consists of 7 tarsal bones
Figure 8–14a
Bones of the Ankle

Talus:


carries weight from tibia across trochlea
Calcaneus (heel bone):


transfers weight from talus to ground
attaches Achilles tendon
Feet: Metatarsal Bones



5 long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Articulate with toes
Feet: Phalanges

Phalanges:


Hallux:


bones of the toes
big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)
Other 4 toes:

3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
Feet: Arches

Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the
foot to another
Figure 8–14b
Feet: The Transverse Arch

Formed by a difference in curvature
between medial and lateral borders of the
foot
KEY CONCEPT


Pectoral girdle is highly mobile, stabilized
primarily by muscles
Pelvic girdle is more massive, stronger, and
less mobile
How does the skeleton
reveal significant information
about an individual?
Studying the Skeleton

Reveals characteristics:




muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone
mass)
medical history (condition of teeth, healed
fractures)
sex and age (bone measurements and fusion)
body size
What are the skeletal differences
between
males and females?
Male and Female Skeletons *
Table 8–1
How does aging affect
the skeletal system?
Age-Related Skeletal Changes *
Table 8–2
SUMMARY (1 of 3)

Components of the:



appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, and relationship to axial skeleton
upper limbs, and relationship to pectoral girdle
SUMMARY (2 of 3)

Components of the:


pelvic girdle, and relationship to axial skeleton
lower limbs, and relationship to pelvic girdle
SUMMARY (3 of 3)



Differences between male and female
pelvises
Individual skeletal variations
Effects of aging