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Human anatomy
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Faqih Ruhyanudin
Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
SKELETON (Kerangka
Tulang)
Axial skeleton :
Skull
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Ribs and sternum
22
6
1
26
25
---80
Appendicular skeleton :
Upper extremity
64
Lower extremity
62
---126
Total
206
• Axial Skeleton –
merupakan tulang axis dari
tubuh :
Contoh : cranium, vertebrae,
sacrum, costae
• Appendicular Skeleton –
berbungan dengan penyusun
tubuh :
Contoh : extremitas atas bawah
dan pelvis
Skeletal System
• Structure:
– Bones
– Cartilage
• Function
–
–
–
–
–
Protection
Support
Movement
Storage for salts (e.g., calcium)
Supply of new blood cells
• Parts
Axial skeleton
(skull, hyoid, vertebrae/sacrum, ribs,
sternum)
Appendicular skeleton
(bones of limbs including pectoral/pelvic
girdles)
The Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
5.20b
KOMPOSISI TULANG
• Water (25%)
• Organic Constituent (~25%)
– Collagen.
• A fibrous protein that provide flexibility.
• Inorganic Constituent (~50%)
– Calcium phosphate and calcium
carbonate.
• Mineral salts that provide hardness.
Bone Cell Types
• Osteogenic cells- stem cells.
• Osteoblasts- bone building cells, secrete matrix & collagen
fibers.
• Osteocytes- mature bone cells that no longer secrete
matrix.
• Osteoclasts- bone digestion.
Classification of bones
• Long bones (ossa longa) : femur, tibia, fibula
• Short bones (ossa brevia) : wrist and ankle,
carpals and tarsals
• Flat bones (ossa plana) : Flat bones like those
of the cranium or the scapula are sandwiches of
spongy bone between two layers of compact
bone
• Irregular bones (ossa pneumotica) : Any bones
which don't fit these arbitrary categories (bones
of the face, vertebrae)
•
Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis- shaft.
• Epiphysis- the distal and
proximal ends of a long
bone.
• Metaphysis- regions in a
mature bone where the
diaphysis joins the epiphysis.
• Articular cartilage- a thin
layer of hyaline cartilage that
covers each epiphysis.
• Medullary cavity- the space
in the diaphysis that contains
fatty yellow bone marrow.
Histology of Compact Bone
• Concentric Lamellae- calcified matrix surrounding a vertically
oriented blood vessel.
• Lacuna- a small hollow space, contains osteocytes.
• Canaliculus- a small channel filled with extracellular fluid that
connects lacunae to each other, and to the central canal.
• Central Canal- a circular channel that contains blood and
lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Lacunae, Lamellae, Canaliculi, Haversian Canals
Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3
Bone Growth in Length
• Epiphyseal plate
– Cartilage cells in this plate divide
rapidly.
– Zone of proliferating cartilage.
• Between ages 18-25, the
epiphyseal plates close.
– Cartilage cells in the plate stop
dividing and bone replaces the
cartilage.
• Growth in length stops at age
25.
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Slide
Bone Growth in Width
Bones of the Upper Limb
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist
 Metacarpals –
palm
 Phalanges –
fingers
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of trunk
• Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx,
sternum and ribs
Vertebrae
•Cervical = 7
•Thoracic = 12
•Lumbar = 5
•Sacrum = 5
•Coccyx = 1
The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
 The spine has a
normal curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
General features of vertebrae
• Vertebral body
• Vertebral arch
– pedicle of vertebral arch : sup. and
inf. Vertebral notch
– lamina of vertebral arch
• process (7):
– spinous process
– transverse process
– sup. and inf. articular processes
• Vertebral foramen
• Vertebral canal
• Intervertebral foramen
Regional variations of
vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
• Vertebrae Body: small
• Vertebral foramen: larger
and triangular
• Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5,
long in C6,and longer in C7
• Transverse processes:
short and bifid, transverse
foramen
• Articular processes:
horizontal
Atypical vertebeae
• Atlas (C1)
– Body and spinous
process absent,
consists of anterior
and posterior arches,
and two lateral
masses
– Groove for vertebral
artery
• Axis (C2): distinguished
by dens which articulates
with dental fovea of
anterior arch of atlas
• Carotid tubercle:
anterior tubercle of
transverse process of
C6
• Vertebra
prominens(C7):
contains long and nonbifid spinous process, it
is visible with neck
flexed, used as clinical
landmark in counting
cervical and thoracic
spinous processes
Thoracic vertebrae
• Vertebrae Body
heart-shape, superior and inferior
costal fovea
• Vertebral foramen
smaller, rounder
• Spinous processes
long, point obliquely downward
• Transverse processes
transverse costal fovea
• Articular processes: coronal
Lumbar vertebrae
1
1. Vertebrae Body
larger, kidney-shape
2. Vertebral foramen: 2
larger and triangular
3. Spinous processes:
projects horizontally 4 5
4. Transverse processes:
long
5. Articular processes:
sagittal
3
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SCOLIOSIS
• Lateral curvature of
the spine
• Idiopathic
• Associated with other
condition
Sacrum
• Anterior surface:
promontory, anterior
sacral foramina (four
pairs)
• Posterior surface:
median sacral crest,
posterior sacral foramina
(four pairs), sacral hiatus
sacral cornu
• Lateral part:
auricular surface, sacral
tuberosity
Cornua
Sacral hiatus
palpation
Transsacral (epidural) anasthesia
Sternum
• Manubrium sterni :
jugular notch, clavicular
notch
• Body of sternum
• Xiphoid process
★ Sternal angle :
the junction of manubrium
and body, which connects
2nd costal cartilage laterally,
and lies opposite lower
border of T4 posteriorly
Sternal angle
which connects 2nd
costal cartilage
laterally, and lies
opposite lower border
of T4 posteriorly
The Bony Thorax
General features
– Ribs 1~7 called true
ribs
– Ribs 8~10 called
false ribs
– Ribs 11~12 called
floating ribs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of “typical”
rib
• Posterior end: costal
head, costal neck,
costal tubercle
• Shaft: costal angle,
costal groove
• Anterior end
Atypical rib
• First rib:
tubercle for scalenus
anterior, sulcus for
subclavian artery and
vein
• 11th and 12th ribs
lack costal necks,
tubercles and angles
to be continue
The Bones of Limbs