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Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the upper and lower limbs and
the girdles (shoulder and hip) that attach
the limbs to the axial skeleton.
• Bones of the limbs help to get us from
place to place and to manipulate our
environment.
Clavicle
•Clavicle= collar bone
•S-shaped
•Sternal end: attaches to
manubrium of sternum
•Acromial end: attaches
to acromion on scapula
•Supports shoulder
Scapula
•Back of shoulder
•Dorsal surface= back
•Ventral surface= front
Scapula
•Spine: ridge that
enlarges into
acromion
•Acromion:
articulates with
clavicle
•Coracoid process:
articulates with
tendon of bicep
•Glenoid fossa:
socket where
humerus fits
Scapular
Notch
4
1
3
2
6
5
Scapular notch:
notch medial to
coracoid process;
for nerve
Scapula/
Clavicle& Head
of Humerus
10
Acromion
11
Coracoid
Process
12
Clavicle
Scapula/
Clavicle&
Head of
Humerus
Humerus: upper arm
• Head: always points
toward median
• Greater Tubercle:
bulge on lateral side
of proximal end
• Lesser Tubercle:
bulge on medial side
of proximal end
• Intertubicular
groove: for tendon
Humerus: upper arm
• Medial epicondyle: bulge on distal medial
side
• Lateral epicondyle: bulge on distal lateral
side
• Coronoid fossa: depression in distal end
• Olecranon fossa: indentation on posterior
• Capitulum: head of radius connects here
• Trochlea: next to capitulum; sideways
hourglass
Humerus
Humerus
Ulna
• Little bone in forearm, pinky side
• Olecranon: pointy part that sticks out of
elbow
• Semilunar notch: meets trochlea for
flexion/extension
• Coronoid process: fits onto coronoid
fossa
• Radial notch: head of radius fits into it
• Styloid process: nobby end of ulna
Ulna & Radius
Radius
• Larger bone in forearm, thumb side,
end=circle
• Head: fits into capitulum
– For supination/pronation
• Radial tuberosity: bulge below head for
muscle attachment: biceps
• Styloid process: bulge on lateral (thumb
side) of wrist
Hand
14 (3
rows)
Metacarpals
5
8
Carpals
Phalanges
Carpals of Hand
Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home
Carpals
• Short bones arranged in 2 rows of 4
• Sliding joints between them
• Posterior view
(thumb)The
(pinky)
Teachers Couldn’t Help
Students Learn The Problem
Metacarpals
• 1st bones within hand
• #1-5
• 1= thumb, 5= pinky
Phalanges
• Proximal, middle, distal
• Digits 2-5 have 3 (thumb is missing middle
phalange)
Lower Limb
• 3 Coxal bones + sacrum= Pelvic Girdle
– Ilium: superior ½ including ridge of hip you feel
– Ischium: posterior lower half
– Pubis: anterior lower half, makes V
Ilium- superior half
• Iliac crest: top ridge
• Anterior iliac spine: comes
to point at front
• Posterior iliac spine:
comes to point in back
• Greater sciatic notch: big
notch faces back, for sciatic
nerve
Ischium- posterior lower 1/2
• Ischial Spine: point below notch
• Lesser Sciatic notch: smaller notch
below spine
• Ischial Tuberosity:
bulge below lesser
sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic
notch
Pubis- anterior lower 1/2
• Ramus: 2 bars,
parts of V
• Pubic symphysis:
fibrocartilage that
connects 2 pubis
bones in middle
Ramus
Male vs. Female
• Crests at wider angles in females
• Pelvic bowl larger in females
• Pubic angle= greater than 90 in females,
less than 90 in males
Acetabulum
• Giant fossa where femur articulates
• All three bones meet here
Obturator foramen
• Giant hole between ischium and pubis
Femur
Femur landmarks
• Head: fits into acetabulum of coxal
• Greater trochanter: anterior, superior
• Lesser trochanter: below greater,
posterior
• Medial/Lateral condyle: balls on distal
end
• Medial/Lateral epicondyle: projections on
condyles
• Intercondylar notch: between condyles
Patella
• Knee cap
Tibia landmarks
• Tibia= shin bone, larger bone in lower leg
• Intercondylar eminence: bump between
condyles
• Medial/Lateral condyle
• Tibial tuberosity: bump on anterior side
for largest muscle group attachment
• Medial malleolus: medial bump of ankle
Fibula & Tibia
Fibula landmarks
• Fibula= lateral to tibia, smaller
• Head
• Lateral malleolus: lateral bump of ankle
Phalanges
3 sets: Proximal
Middle (not in big toe)
distal
5
7
Calcaneus
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Tarsals of Foot
Tarsals (7)
•
•
•
•
•
Talus
Calcaneus = heel
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms (3)