Download 2D15 – BD0041 Code Questions Answers 1. Write a brief essay on

 Code
1.
Questions
Write a brief essay on
the factors affecting the
radiographic image. Add
a note on the exposure
factors
2.
Write a short note on
Chest PA view. Add a
note on Chest Lateral
view.
3.
What are the clinical
indications for X-ray
hand? Add a note on
Hand PA view?
4.
Write a short essay on
the anatomy of the
humerus. Add a note
on humerus AP view.
5.
Write a short note on
anatomy of shoulder
girdle.
2D15 – BD0041
Answers
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Density
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Contrast
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Magnification
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Distortion
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Sharpness- types
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Exposure factors – mAs, KVp, FFD, Intensifying screens, secondary radiation
grids, cones, diaphragms
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Patient preparation
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Centering
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Horizontal beam
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Parts demonstrated
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Exposure factors
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Indications – RTA
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Joint diseases
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Age estimation
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Osteomyelitis
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Bone tumors
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Hand PA view - Patient preparation
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Centering
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Horizontal beam
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Parts demonstrated
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Exposure factors
Anatomy
The arm has one bone, humerus, which consist of shaft, two articular extremities.
Lower part is broad and has medial and lateral condyles and medial and lateral
epicondyles. On its inferior surface are two smooth elevations, trochlea for
articulation with ulna and capitulum for articulation with head of radius. On the
anterior surface just above the trochlea is a shallow depression called the coronoid
fossa for reception of coronoid process of ulna, when elbow is flexed. On the
posterior surface behind the coronoid fossa is olecranon fossa for reception of
olecranon process when elbow is extended.
The proximal end of humerus consists of head, anatomic neck and greater, lesser
tuberosities and surgical neck. Head is smooth, large, rounded and lies in an
oblique plane on the upper medial side of the humerus. It articulates with the
glenoid fossa. Just below the head is anatomical neck. Lesser tuberosity is situated
below the anatomical neck on the anterior surface. Greater tuberosity is situated
below the neck on the lateral surface. Depression between the two tuberosities is
known as bicipital groove.
Humerus AP
a. Patient lies supine on the table. Forearm is supinated elbow extended and arm
slightly abducted. Unaffected shoulder raised on sand bags to bring the
posterior aspect and arm of the side being examined in contact with the
cassette.
b. Immobilise limb with sand bags over palm and distal forearm. Expose during
arrested respiration.
c. Right or left marker and patient identification are placed.
d. Centering point midway between the shoulder and elbow joints.
e. Centering ray is vertical at 90° to film.
f. Humerus is demonstrated.
g. Nongrid, screen film FFD: 100 cm
Anatomy
Shoulder girdle is formed by clavicle & scapula , which require to connect the
upper extremities to the trunk. Although alignment of these two bones is
considered girdle, it is incomplete both in front & behind. The girdle is completed in
front by the sternum which articulates with the medial end of the clavicle. Scapulae
are widely separated in the back.
Clavicle:- Clavicle lies in an obliquely transverse plane just above the first rib. It
has 3 parts: Shaft, medial & lateral ends. Its lateral end articulates with acromion
process of scapula & medial end with the manibrium sterni.
Scapula:- Scapula is a flat bone. It is triangular in shape & lies on the upper
posterior thorax between the 2nd & 7th ribs. It has 2 surfaces & 3 borders &
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6.
Write a short note on
anatomy of femur. Add
a note on Femur AP.
3 angles.
Costal surface is slightly concave. Posterior surface is divided into two portions by
a prominent spinous process. Spine arises at the upper third of vertebral border &
runs obliquely upward to end in a flattened triangular projection called the
acromion. Area above the spine is supraspinatous fossa & below is the
infraspinatous fossa.
Superior border extends from the medial angle to the coracoid process & presents
a depression called scapular notch at its lateral end.
Vertebral border extends from the medial to inferior angles.
The axillary border from the glenoid fossa to the inferior angle.
The lateral angle is the thickest part of the scapula, ends in a shallow, oval
depression called the “glenoid fossa”. Glenoid fossa articulates with the head of the
humerus. Constricted region around the glenoid fossa is called the neck of the
scapula.
The coracoid process arises from a thick base that extends from the scapular
notch to the upper part of the neck of the scapula. It projects first anteriorly &
medially & then curves on itself to project laterally. It is palpated just below &
medial to the acromio clavicular articulation.
Anatomy
Thigh has one bone called femur. The femur consists of shaft and two articular
extremities. The lower end is broadened & presents large medial & smaller lateral
condyle. A slight prominence above each condyle is medial & lateral epicondyles.
Anteriorly the condyles are separated by shallow depression, patellar surface for
articulation with patella.
Posteriorly the condyles are separated by a deep depression called intercondylar
notch. Upper end has a rounded head, which with the acetabulum forms hip joint.
Just below the head is neck. Greater and lesser trochanter along the lateral &
medial aspect between neck & upper most shaft.
Anatomy of Femur
Femur AP
a. Patient lies supine, leg extended, Rotate the limb to centralise patella over
femur. Film positioned against posterior aspect of thigh to include both hip and
knee joint.
b. Immobilise the patient in same position with sandbags.
c. Right or left marker and patient identification are placed.
d. Centered to the middle of the film.
e. Central Ray at right angles to the mid femur & the center of the cassette. Parts
seen are femoral shaft.
f. Non grid, screen film, FFD: 100 cm.
2D15 – BD0041
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