Download SECTION 2

1
Anatomic
Definitions
1
Objectives
• Define the terms: anatomy, physiology,
pathophysiology, and homeostasis
• Define the terms: anatomic position;
sagittal, midsagittal, transverse, and
frontal planes
• Use proper terminology to describe the
location of body parts with respect to
one another
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Anatomic Position (1 of 3)
• Topographic anatomy
• Terms that describe the position and
movement of the body
• Anatomic position
• Universal position from which all body
positions and movements are
described
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Anatomic Position (2 of 3)
• Universal position
• Subject stands
upright, facing the
observer with
arms straight and
palms forward
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Anatomic Position (3 of 3)
•
Directional terms
• Always pertain
to the patient’s
right or left
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Anatomic Planes (1 of 5)
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Divides the body into front and back
parts
• Anterior or ventral
• Situated toward the front of the body
• Posterior or dorsal
• Situated toward the back of the body
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Anatomic Planes (2 of 5)
• Transverse (cross-horizontal) plane
• Divides the body into the cranial and
caudad parts
• Cranial (cephalad) or superior
• Refers to a structure that is closer to the
head or higher than another structure
• Caudad or inferior
• Refers to a structure that is closer to the
feet or lower than another structure
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Anatomic Planes (3 of 5)
•Median (midsagittal) plane or midline
•Passes longitudinally from front to back
through the middle of the body and divides
the body into left and right halves
•Medial
•Situated toward the midline of a
structure or organ
•Lateral
•Situated away from the midline of a
structure or organ
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
Paramedics, AAOS
1
Anatomic Planes (4 of 5)
• Sagittal plane
• Vertical plane parallel to the median
plane, dividing the body into unequal
left and right parts
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Anatomic Planes (5 of 5)
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Proximal and Distal
• Proximal
• Nearer to or toward the trunk of the
body
• Distal
• Farther from the trunk and toward the
free end of an extremity
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Imaginary Lines (1 of 2)
• Midaxillary line
• Vertical line drawn through the
axilla to the waist
• Anterior axillary line
• Parallel line drawn just an inch or
so in front of the midaxillary line
• Posterior axillary line
• A parallel line drawn an inch or so
behind the midaxillary line
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Imaginary Lines (2 of 2)
• Midclavicular line
• Vertical line
through the
middle portion
of the clavicle
and parallel to
the midline
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Abdominal Quadrants (1 of 2)
•
•
•
•
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Abdominal Quadrants (2 of 2)
• Purpose of boundaries
• Specific organs are located in each of
the four quadrants, and pain or injury
can be described as being in a
quadrant
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
Paramedics, AAOS
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Movement (1 of 7)
• Range of motion (ROM)
The full distance that a joint can be
moved
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Movement (2 of 7)
• Flexion
• From the anatomic position, moving
a distal point of an extremity closer to
the trunk
• Flexion of the elbow brings the hand
closer to the shoulder
• Flexion of the knee brings the foot up
to the buttocks
• Flexion of the fingers forms the hand
into a fist
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Movement (3 of 7)
• Extension
• Motion associated with the return
of a body part from a flexed
position to the anatomic position
• In the anatomic position, all
extremities are in extension
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Movement (4 of 7)
• Possible neck
positions when the
patient is found in
the supine position:
• Neutral
• Extension
• Flexion
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Movement (5 of 7)
• Internal rotation
• Describes turning an extremity
medially toward the midline
• External rotation
• Describes turning an extremity away
from the midline
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Movement (6 of 7)
• Rotation can be applied to the spine
• Spine is rotated when it twists on
its axis
• Placing the chin on the shoulder
rotates the cervical spine
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Movement (7 of 7)
• Abduction
• Moves an extremity away from the
midline
• Adduction
• Moves the extremity toward the
midline
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Positions (1 of 5)
• Recumbent
• The patient is lying
down or leaning
back
• Supine
• A body that is
resting on its back
with the face
upward
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Positions (2 of 5)
• Prone
• A body that is
lying with the
face and
abdomen
downward
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Positions (3 of 5)
• Fowler's
• A patient who is
sitting up
• Semi-Fowler's
• A patient who is
sitting up but
with the upper
body slightly
leaning back
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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Positions (4 of 5)
• Trendelenburg's
• A modification of the
supine position for
patients with
symptoms of
hypoperfusion
• The patient has lower
extremities elevated
approximately 12" to
help blood flow to the
torso and brain
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
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1
Positions (5 of 5)
• Recovery
• Used for patients
who have not
sustained trauma
to the neck or
back
• Used to help
drain fluids from
the mouth
Human Anatomy and Physiology for
Paramedics, AAOS