Download Body Planes, Direction, and Cavities

Foundations of Health Science
Whitney Brack
How do the organs and
systems in my body work
together?

To understand how the human body works, it is
necessary to understand its systems. The
smallest element of the body is the cell; a group
of cells makes tissue; various tissues make
organs; and a group of organs makes a system.
How is your body organized?
Cells combine to form tissues.
 Tissues are specialized cells that function
together to form organs.
 Organs work cooperatively to form systems.
 Systems work together to make up the human
body.

ALL CELLS NEED:
Food
 Water
 Oxygen

Cells
1.
Cell membrane – the outer covering of
the cell (holds the cell together).
Note – Humans DO NOT have cell walls.
2.
Nucleus – the central portion of each
cell (directs cell activities & contains
chromosomes).
3.
Cytoplasm – the substance that
surrounds the nucleus (performs the
work of the cell).
4.
Nuclear membrane – the covering of
the nucleus.
5.
Chromosomes – genes for inherited
traits.
Tissues - Groups of cells that work
together to perform the same task.
Connective Tissue
Holds body parts
together and
connects them.
Tissues - Groups of cells that work
together to perform the same task.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers the internal
and external body
surfaces.
Tissues - Groups of cells that work
together to perform the same task.
Muscle Tissue
Expands and
contracts, allowing
the body to move.
Tissues - Groups of cells that work
together to perform the same task.
Nervous Tissue
Carries messages
from all parts of the
body to and from
The brain and spinal
cord.
Review

What type of tissue covers the intestines?
Connective
B. Epithelial
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
A.
Review

What type of tissue covers the intestines?
B. Epithelial
Organs - Groups of tissue that work
together to perform a specific function.
Examples include:
Kidneys
Stomach
Systems - Groups of organs working
together to perform one of the body’s
major functions.
Systems
Respiratory System
Sensory System
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Skeletal System
Urinary System
Muscular System
Integumentary System
Nervous System
Lymphatic and Immune System
Endocrine System
Reproductive System

It would be difficult to apply these terms to the
human body and other directional terms have
been applied.
Anterior or ventral – front side of the body.
 Posterior or dorsal – back side of the body.
 Inferior – below another structure.
 Superior – above another structure.


Imaginary lines drawn through the body @
various parts to separate the body into
sections.
 Sagittal
plane – divides the body into 2 parts, right
and left.
 Midsagittal plane – divides the body into 2 equal
halves (parts); divides the body into equal right and
left sides.
 Frontal or coronal plane – divides the body into
anterior and posterior sections.
 Transverse plane – divides the body horizontally
into a top, or superior, part and a bottom, or
inferior, part.
 Proximal

& Distal
Direction in reference to extremities in
relationship to main trunk.
 Proximal
– body parts close to point of interest
 Distal – body parts away from the point of reference
Superior
Frontal
Proximal
Distal
Midsagittal
Transverse
Medial
Anterior
Inferior
Posterior
Lateral
 Spaces
within the body that contains
vital organs.
 Dorsal
cavity - one long, continuous
cavity located on the back of the
body; also known as the posterior or
back cavity.
 Ventral cavities – larger than the
dorsal cavities; also known as anterior
or front cavity.
 Epigastric
region.
 Hypochondriac regions, left and right.
 Umbilical region.
 Lumbar regions, left and right.
 Hypogastric region.
 Illiac, or inguinal, regions left and right.
 Regions
 Epigastric
 Above
the stomach
 Umbilical
 Near
the umbilicus or belly button
 Hypogastric
 Below
the stomach
 Lumbar
 Near
the spinal cord
 Inguinal
 Near
the groin
 Abdominal
is a LARGE cavity and can
be divided into sections.
 4 Quadrants
Right
Upper Quadrant – RUQ
Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ
Left Upper Quadrant – LUQ
Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ
Right upper quadrant
(RUQ)
Right lower quadrant
(RLQ)
Left upper quadrant
(LUQ)
Left lower quadrant
(LLQ)
Body is standing erect, facing
forward, with the arms at the sides,
palms facing forward.
To provide a method for locating
areas on the body for diagnosis
and treatments.