Download Cardiovascular System part II

Cardiovascular System
Part II
Blood Vessels
 Vascular system:
 A closed transport system where blood circulates through the
blood vessels
 Arteries:
 Blood enters from the heart into the circulatory system from
these and moves into the …
 Arterioles:
 Smaller branches off the arteries which feed into the..
 Capillaries:
 Contained within the tissues and branch out becoming smaller
and smaller. The only connection between arteries and veins.
Serves the needs of the body’s cells by exchanging blood
between tissue cells and blood.
 Venules:
 Smaller branches off the veins. Drain from the capillaries and
enter into the …
 Veins:
 Empty blood from the circulatory system back into the heart.
Blood Vessels
 Blood Vessel Walls:
Contain three layers/walls called “Tunics”
Tunica Intima:
 Lines the interior of the vessels and is a thin layer of
endothelial tissue on top of a thin layer of loose
connective tissue. It has a slick surface to decrease
friction as blood flows through it.
Tunica Media:
 Bulky middle “coat” made of smooth muscle and elastic
tissue. The smooth muscle is controlled by the
Sympathetic NS and is active in changing the diameter
of the vessels and in bringing BP up or down
Tunica Externa:
 Outermost layer made up of fibrous connective tissue.
It functions to support and protect the vessels.
Artery Walls and Functions
Much thicker than veins
Must be able to expand as the blood is
forced into them and then recoil as the
blood moves out.
Walls must be strong and stretchy in order
to accomplish these goals
Vein Walls and Function
Thinner walls located further from the
heart
Pressure in veins is continually low
They contain valves which prevent
backflow
Veins are modified to make sure the blood
returning to the heart is the same amount
as blood being pumped out of the heart.
Skeletal Muscle Activity and Venous
Return
The action of muscle movement enhances
venous return by contracting and relaxing
causing the blood in the veins to move
towards the heart.
Respiratory Pump
When we inhale pressure in the thorax
decreases causing the veins near the
heart to expand and fill with blood.
Major Arteries and
Systemic Circulation
Aorta:
Largest artery of the body.
Parts of the aorta are named for their
location and/or shape
Ascending Aorta: curves upward from the left
ventricle and when it arches to the left it
becomes the aortic arch.
• Right and Left Coronary Arteries:
 Only branches of the ascending aorta and serve
the heart.
Major Arteries and
Systemic Circulation
Aortic Arch:
Brachiocephalic Artery: first branch of the
aortic arch which splits into…
Right common carotid artery: serves the brain, skin
and muscles of the neck
Right Subclavian Artery: serves part of the brain
and right arm
Left Common carotid Artery: second branch
off the aortic arch which splits into …
Left internal carotid: serves the brain
Left External carotid: serves the skin and muscles
of the head and neck.
Major Arteries and
Systemic Circulation
Left Subclavian Artery: third branch of
aortic arch
Vertebral Artery: serves part of the brain
Axillary Artery: serves the axilla
Brachial Artery: serves the arm
Radial and Ulnar arteries: serves the forearm
Major Arteries and
Systemic Circulation
Thoracic Aorta: moves downward through
the thorax following the spine
Intercostal arteries: 10 pairs serving the ribs
Bronchial arteries: serve bronchioles of lungs
Esophageal Arteries: serve esophagus
Phrenic arteries: serve diaphragm
Major Arteries and
Systemic Circulation
 Abdominal Aorta: moves through diaphragm
into the abdominopelvic cavity.
Celiac Trunk:
 Left gastric artery: supplies the stomach
 Splenic Artery: serve the spleen
 Common hepatic artery: serves part of colon
Superior Mesentrick artery: supplies most of the
smaller intestine and the first part of the large.
Renal Arteries: serve the kidneys
Gonadal Arteries:
 Ovarian: serve ovaries in females
 Testicular: serve testes in males
Major Arteries and
Systemic Circulation
 Lumbar arteries: pairs of arteries which serve
the muscles of the abdomen and trunk.
 Inferior mesentric artery: serves second half of
the large intestine.
 Common Iliac Arteries: final branches of the
abdominal aorta.
Internal iliac artery: supplies pelvic organs
External iliac artery: enters the thigh and becomes…
Femoral artery: serves thigh and becomes …
Popliteal artery: splits into …
Anterior and Posterior tibial arteries: supply leg and
foot
Dorsalis Pedis artery: supplies bottom of foot
Major veins of Systemic circulation
Superior Vena cava: veins coming from the
head and armpits
Radial & Ulnar Veins: deep veins draining the forearm
and they come together to form the:
Brachial Vein: drains the arm
Axillary vein: drains the axillary region
Cephalic Vein: superficial drainage of the lateral arm
& empties into the axillary vein
Basilic Vein: Superficial vein drains the medial aspect
of the arm and empties into the brachial vein
Medial Cubital vein: the joining of the cephalic and basilic
veins. Major site of blood draws
Major veins of Systemic circulation
Subclavian vein: receives blood from the
axillary vein, skin and muscles of head through
the jugular vein.
Vertebral vein: drains posterior head
Internal Jugular vein: drains dural sinuses of
brain
Brachiocephalic veins: right and left drain from
the subclavian, vertebral and internal jugular
veins. The join to form the …
Superior vena cava: where blood enters the heart
Major veins of Systemic circulation
Azygos vein: single vein draining the thorax and
enters into the superior vena cava
Inferior Vena cava: veins draining from the
lower body
Anterior and Posterior tibial veins: drain the calf and
foot.
Peroneal vein: drains the calf and foot
Popliteal vein: posterior tibial vein that becomes
Femoral vein: drains the thigh and becomes the
External Iliac vein: where blood drains from the pelvis
Major veins of Systemic circulation
Great Saphenous vein: longest veins in the
body. Receives drainage from the leg. Begins at
the foot and goes to the thigh.
Common iliac vein: right and left are formed by
the external and internal iliac veins and drain
the pelvis
Right gonadal vein: drain the right ovary and
right testicle
Left gonadal vein: drain the left ovary and left
testicle.
Major veins of Systemic circulation
Renal Veins: drain the kidneys
Hepatic portal vein: single vein which
drains the digestive tract organs
Hepatic veins: drain the liver
Arterial Supply of the Brain
The brain is supplied by two pairs of arteries
Internal carotid:
Run through the neck and enter the skull through the
temporal bone and then divide into the…
• Anterior and Middle cerebral arteries: supply most of cerebrum
Vertebral artery:
Paired arteries running upward from the subclavian arteries
at the base of the neck. In the skull they join to form the …
• Basilar arteries: serve the brain stem and cerebellum. At the base
of the cerebellum they divide into the …
 Posterior Cerebral Arteries: supply the posterior cerebrum
Circle Of Willis
The circle of Willis is where the anterior
and posterior blood supplies unite by small
communicating arterial branches.
They form a complete circle around the
base of the brain of connecting blood
vessels.
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Veins of hepatic circulation drain the digestive
system, the spleen and pancreas and deliver
blood to the liver through…
Hepatic portal vein: blood contained here contains
large amounts of nutrients and ensures that the liver
processes these nutrients before entering systemic
circulation.
Inferior mesentric vein: drains part of the large
intestine and drains into the …
Splenic vein: drains the spleen, pancreas and left side
of the stomach
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Superior Mesentric vein: joins with the
splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein
Left gastric vein: drains the right side of
the stomach directly into the hepatic portal
vein.
Fetal Circulation
In the fetus the lungs and digestive system are
not functioning so all nutrients and gas
exchange go through the placenta.
Umbilical cord: contains three blood vessels
Umbilical vein: one vein carries blood rich in nutrients and
oxygen to the fetus
Umbilical arteries: two arteries carrying carbon dioxide and
debris from the fetus to the placenta
Ductus Venousus: bypass for blood to go towards the heart
and bypass the liver which is non functioning.
Fetal Lungs
In the fetus the lungs are non-functional and
are collapsed.
Shunts: there are two shunts which make sure the
lungs are bypassed.
Foramen Ovale: blood entering the right atrium is
shunted directly to the left atrium through this opening in
the internal septum. It closes after birth
Ductus Arteriosus: short vessel connecting the aorta and
pulmonary trunk. At birth it collapses and becomes the
…
Ligamentum Arteriosum: fibrous tissue completing the
circulatory system of an adult.