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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Chapter 1: The Human organism Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.1 The Human Body – An Orientation • Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts • Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.1 Anatomy – Levels of Study • Gross Anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2a Anatomy – Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2b Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.3 The Language of Anatomy • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding • Exact terms are used for: • Position • Direction • Regions • Structures Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.21 Anatomical Position • Body erect • Face forward • Toes forward • Palms forward Figure 1.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.24 Body Landmarks • Anterior Figure 1.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.24 Body Landmarks • Posterior Figure 1.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.25 Body Landmarks • Superior/Inferior • Medial/Lateral • Superficial/Deep • Palmar/Dorsal • Plantar/Dorsal Figure 1.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.24 Body Planes Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.26 Body Cavities Figure 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.27 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.28 Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.29 Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.30 Characteristics of Living Organisms • Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.15 Characteristics of Living Organisms • Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body. Includes: • Digestion of nutrients • Production of energy • Building body structures • Excretion Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.16a Necessary Life Functions • Growth • Increasing of cell size and number All of the above are “maintenance” • Reproduction • Keeps the species viable • Most fun!! Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.16b Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for most chemical reactions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.17a Survival Needs • Water • 60–80% of body weight • Allows for cellular reactions • Temperature • Pressure • Atmospheric • Other??? Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.17b Homeostasis • Maintenance of a stable internal environment • a dynamic steady state • Must be maintained for the body to function normally • Homeostatic imbalance = “dis-ease” Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.18 Maintaining Homeostasis • Bodily functions are managed by neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.19a Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides for response to a stimulus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.19b Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.20a Feedback Mechanisms • Positive feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and childbirth Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.20b