Download Document

Chapter 7
Skeletal System
7-1
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.1 Introduction:
A. Bones are very active tissues.
B. Each bone is made up of several types of
tissues and so is an organ.
C. Bone functions include:
muscle attachment
protection and support
blood cell production
storage of minerals.
7-2
Which of the following is a function of the
skeletal system?
A. Responsible for the transport of oxygen
B. The storage of inorganic salts
C. The protection of organs, especially in the
head and thorax
D. None of these is correct.

7-3
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.2 Bone Structure
Bones differ in size and shape, yet are similar in
several ways.
7-4
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parts of a Long Bone
1. Expanded ends of bones that form joints with
adjacent bones are called epiphyses.
2. Articular cartilages (hyaline cartilage) cover the
epiphyses
3. The shaft of the bone is the diaphysis.
4. A tough layer of vascular connective tissue, called the
periosteum, covers the bone and is continuous with
ligaments and tendons.
7-5
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5. A bone's shape makes possible its function;
bony processes or grooves indicate places of
attachment for muscles.
*Learn Skeletal Structure Terms
6. Compact bone makes up the wall of the diaphysis;
the epiphyses are filled with spongy bone to reduce
the weight of the skeleton.
7. The diaphysis contains a hollow medullary
cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with
marrow.
7-6
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7-7
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Microscopic Structure
1. Bone cells (osteocytes) are located within
lacunae that lie in concentric circles around
osteonic canals.
2. Osteocytes pass nutrients and gasses in the
matrix through canaliculi.
3. Intercellular material consists of collagen and
inorganic salts.
7-8
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4. In compact bone, osteocytes and intercellular material
are organized into osteons that are cemented
together.
5. Osteonic canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers,
and extend longitudinally through bone.
6. Osteonic canals are interconnected by transverse
perforating canals.
7. Unlike compact bone, the osteocytes and intercellular
material in spongy bone are not arranged around
osteonic canals.
7-9
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 10
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Study Analogy: Think of it as a sort of apartment
complex or prison system.
The osteocytes are
“trapped” in the hard matrix but are living cells. So
everything has to be brought in and out for them. The
food and oxygen are sent up “dumb waiters” called
osteons. The wastes and carbon dioxide go down the
same way. But each cell is in its own apartment or jail
cell (lacunae) and so the canaliculi are the way they
can pass things back and forth from cell to cell so to
speak. But they’d better get along! If the first ones
“eat up all the food and oxygen” the osteocytes farther
out can retaliate with their carbon dioxide and by
“flushing their toilets.”
7 - 11
An osteocyte is a
A. bone building cell.
B. bone destroying cell.
C. bone cell surrounded by matrix.
D. bone marrow cell.
7 - 12
The microscopic bony chambers that house
mature bone cells are called
A. lacunae.
B. osteonic canals.
C. osteonic systems.
D. communicating canals.
7 - 13
Articular cartilage is made from
A. fibrocartilage.
B. endochondral cartilage.
C. hyoid cartilage.
D. hyaline cartilage.
7 - 14
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.3 Bone Development and Growth
 Bones form by replacing connective tissue
in the fetus.
 2WAYS:
 Some form within sheetlike layers of connective
tissue (intramembranous bones), while others
replace masses of cartilage (endochondral
bones).
7 - 15
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Intramembranous Bones
1.
The flat bones of the skull form as intramembranous
bones that develop from layers of connective tissue.
2.
Osteoblasts deposit bony tissue around themselves.
3.
Once osteoblasts deposit bone located in lacunae, they
are called osteocytes.
3.
Cells of the membranous connective tissue that lie
outside the developing bone give rise to the
periosteum.
7 - 16
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Endochondral Bones
1. Most of the bones of the skeleton fall into this category.
2. They first develop as hyaline cartilage models and are
then replaced with bone.
3. Cartilage is broken down in the diaphysis and
progressively replaced with bone while the periosteum
develops on the outside.
4. Cartilage tissue is invaded by blood vessels and
osteoblasts that first form spongy bone at the primary
ossification center in the diaphysis.
7 - 17
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay
down compact bone outside the
spongy bone.
6. Secondary ossification centers appear
later in the epiphyses.
7 - 18
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7.
8.
9.
7 - 19
A band of hyaline cartilage, the
epiphyseal plate, forms between the
two ossification centers.
Layers of cartilage cells undergoing
mitosis make up the epiphyseal plate.
Osteoclasts break down the calcified
matrix and are replaced with bonebuilding osteoblasts that deposit bone
in place of calcified cartilage.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10.
11.
7 - 20
Epiphyseal plates are responsible for
lengthening bones while increases in
thickness are due to intramembranous
ossification underneath the
periosteum.
A medullary cavity forms in the region
of the diaphysis due to the activity of
osteoclasts.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 21
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
Osteoclasts tear down and osteoblasts build
bone throughout the lifespan with the
processes of resorption and deposition, with
an average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium
exchanged annually.
7 - 22
Blue Box Topic
What happened to bone growth if the
epiphyseal plate is damaged before it
ossifies?
7 - 23
Blue Box Topic
Bone Cancers
7 - 24
Which of the following is not a step in the
formation of endochondral bone?
A. Hyaline cartilage develops into the shape of
the future bone.
B. Periosteum forms from connective tissue on
the outside of the developing bone.
C. Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.
D. Osteoblasts deposit osseous tissue in place of
disintegrating cartilage.
7 - 25
Which of the following is an example of an
intramembranous bone?
A. the parietal bone of the skull
B. the phalanges of the fingers
C. the humerus of the arm
D. the femur of the leg
7 - 26
The cells responsible for removing excess
bone tissue after the fracture repair process
are
A. fibroblasts.
B. chondrocytes.
C. osteoblasts.
D. osteoclasts.
7 - 27
Bone that develops between sheetlike layers
of connective tissue is called
A. endochondral bone.
B. intramembranous bone.
C. cartilaginous bone.
D. osteoclastic bone.
7 - 28
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


7 - 29
7.4 Bone Function
Support and Protection
1.
Bones give shape to the head,
thorax, and limbs.
2.
Bones such as the pelvis and
lower limbs provide support for
the body.
3.
Bones of the skull protect the
brain,ears, and eyes.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Body Movement
1. Bones can act as levers.
A lever has four components:
rigid bar
pivot or fulcrum
object that is moved against resistance
force that supplies energy
7 - 30
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood Cell Formation
1.
Two kinds of marrow occupy the
medullary cavities of bone.
a.
Red marrow functions in the
formation of red blood cells,
white blood cells, and
platelets, and is found in the
spongy bone of the skull,
ribs, sternum, clavicles,
vertebrae, and pelvis.
b.
Yellow marrow, occupying
the cavities of most bones,
stores fat.
7 - 31
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Storage of Inorganic Salts
1.
The inorganic matrix of bone
stores inorganic mineral salts in
the form of calcium phosphate
that is important in many
metabolic processes.
2.
Calcium in bone is a reservoir for
body calcium; when blood levels
are low, osteoclasts release
calcium from bone.
7 - 32
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
4.
5.
7 - 33
Calcium is stored in bone under
the influence of calcitonin when
blood levels of calcium are high.
Bone also stores magnesium,
sodium, potassium, and carbonate
ions.
Bones can also accumulate
harmful elements, such as lead,
radium, and strontium.
Blue Box Topic
Fracture
Hematoma
Cartilaginous callus
Bony callus
7 - 34
Blue Box Topic
Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)
7 - 35
Blue Box Topic
Osteoporosis
7 - 36
Which of the following is usually not found in
bone?
A. potassium.
B. calcium.
C. lead.
D. magnesium.
7 - 37
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.5 Skeletal Organization
The axial skeleton consists of the
skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
(vertebrae & intervertebral disks)
(sacrum and coccyx)
thorax
7 - 38
(ribs and sternum)
The appendicular skeleton consists of
pectoral girdle
(scapulae and clavicles)
upper limbs
(humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals,
and phalanges)
pelvic girdle
(coxal bones articulating with the sacrum)
lower limbs
(femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals,
metatarsals, phalanges)
7 - 39
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 40
7 - 41
Which of the following is NOT included in
the appendicular skeleton?
A. pectoral girdle
B. vertebral column
C. upper limbs
D. pelvic girdle
7 - 42
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7.6 Skull
The skull is made up of 22 bones,
including
8 cranial bones
13 facial bones
mandible
7 - 43
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 44
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cranium
1.
The cranium encloses and protects the
brain, provides attachments for muscles,
and contains air-filled sinuses that reduce
its weight.
2.
Features of the frontal bone (1) include
supraorbital foramina and frontal sinuses.
7 - 45
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
Parietal bones (2) lie at the sides of the
skull and join at the sagittal suture.
Features of the occipital bone (1) include
the lambdoidal suture, foramen magnum,
and occipital condyles.
Each temporal bone (2) includes the
squamosal suture, external auditory
meatus, mandibular fossae, mastoid
process, styloid process, and zygomatic
process.
4.
5.
7 - 46
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6.
7.
7 - 47
Features of the winged sphenoid
bone (1) include the sella turcica
and sphenoidal sinuses.
Features of the ethmoid bone (1)
include the cribriform plates, a
perpendicular plate, superior and
middle nasal conchae, ethmoidal
sinuses, and the crista galli.
Mneumonic
Cranial bones "PEST OF 6":







Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
The 6 just reminds that there's 6 of them to
remember.
7 - 48
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C.
Facial Skeleton 14 total
1.
The 13 immovable facial bones and
mandible form the basic face and
provide attachments for muscles of
mastication and expression.
2.
7 - 49
The maxillae (2) form the upper jaw,
hard palate, floor of the orbits, sides
of the nasal cavity, house the upper
teeth, and contain large maxillary
sinuses.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
Palatine bones (2) are L-shaped
bones located behind the maxillae
that form the floor of the nasal
cavity and hard palate.
4.
Zygomatic bones (2) make up the
cheekbones and join with the
temporal bones to form the
zygomatic arches.
5.
The lacrimal bones (2) form part of
the medial walls of the orbits.
7 - 50
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6. Nasal bones (2) form the bridge of the nose.
7. The vomer bone (1) makes up a portion of the
nasal septum.
8. Inferior nasal conchae (2) are fragile, scrollshaped bones that support mucous membranes
within the nasal cavity.
9. The mandible (1), or lower jawbone, supports
the lower teeth and includes a mandibular
condyle, coronoid process,and alveolar arch.
7 - 51
Mneumonic: Facial Bones
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra
Laugh!"








Vomer
Conchae
Nasal
Maxilla
Mandible
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
7 - 52
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 53
Blue Box Topic
Cleft Palate
7 - 54
Which of the following is part of the facial
skeleton?
A. parietal bone
B. maxillary bone
C. sphenoid bone
D. temporal bone
7 - 55
A cleft palate results from incomplete
development of the
A. palatine bones.
B. maxillae.
C. mandible.
D. vomer bone.
7 - 56
The zygomatic arch is composed of processes
of the
A. zygomatic and temporal bones.
B. zygomatic and maxilla bones.
C. maxilla and temporal bones.
D. temporal and parietal bones.
7 - 57
The hard palate is composed of the
A. sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
B. nasal conchae and vomer bones.
C. zygomatic and lacrimal bones.
D. maxillary and palatine bones.
7 - 58
7.7 Vertebral Column

Vertebral Column extends from the skull to the pelvis
and forms the vertical axis of the skeleton.
1.
Composed of vertebrae
Separated by masses of fibrocartilage called
intervertebral discs
Connected to one another by ligaments
Supports head and trunk of body
Protects spinal cord which passes through a vertebral
canal formed by openings in the vertebrae
2.
3.
4.
5.
7 - 59
A Typical Vertebra
1.
2.
3.
4.
Body
drum shaped, thick anterior portion of bone
Pedicles
2 short stalks projecting posteriorly from each
vertebral body
Laminae
2 plates arise from the pedicles
Spinous process
fusion of the laminae
7 - 60
Vertebral Arch
formed by pedicles, laminae, and spinous
process
6. Vertebral Foramen
spinal cord passes
7.
Transverse Process
between pedicles and laminae
8.
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes
cartilage covered
join each vertebra to ones above and below it
9.
Intervertebral foramina
openings provide for spinal nerves between
vertebrae and connect to the spinal cord
5.
7 - 61
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 62
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cervical Vertebrae
Neck Region
7 - 63
1.
These seven bones are the smallest
of the vertebrae that comprise the
neck and support the head.
2.
The first vertebra is the atlas, which
appears as a bony ring and supports
the head.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
The second vertebra is the axis, with
its toothlike dens that pivots within
the atlas.
4.
Features that separate cervical
vertebrae from the rest are the bifid
spinous processes and transverse
foramina.
FUN FACT
Giraffes and Humans have the same number of
vertebrae in their necks……7.
7 - 64
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 65
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thoracic Vertebrae
Middle of Back
1.
Twelve thoracic vertebrae articulate
with the ribs.
2.
These bones are larger and stronger
than the cervical vertebrae.
7 - 66
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lumbar Vertebrae
Lower Back
1.
7 - 67
The five massive lumbar vertebrae
support the weight of the body.
7 - 68
7 - 69
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sacrum
1.
The sacrum is a triangular structure
at the base of the vertebral column
made up of five vertebrae fused into
one bone.
2.
The spinous processes of these
vertebrae fuse to form a ridge of
tubercles that have dorsal sacral
foramina along their sides.
3.
On the ventral surface of the
sacrum, four pairs of pelvic sacral
foramina provide passageways for
nerves and blood vessels.
7 - 70
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coccyx
1.
7 - 71
The coccyx is the lowermost portion
of the vertebral column and is
composed of four fused vertebrae.
Blue Box Topic
Spina Bifida
7 - 72
Blue Box Topic
Ruptured Disc
7 - 73
The atlas is one of the
A. lumbar vertebrae.
B. thoracic vertebrae.
C. cervical vertebrae.
D. None of these is correct.
7 - 74
Cervical vertebrae can be distinguished from
other types by the presence of
A. transverse foramina.
B. transverse processes.
C. articulating processes.
D. vertebral foramina.
7 - 75
Which of the vertebrae support the most
weight?
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
7 - 76
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.8 Thoracic Cage
A. The thoracic cage includes the ribs,
thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal
cartilages.
B. It supports the pectoral girdle and upper
limbs, functions in breathing, and
protects thoracic and upper abdominal
organs.
7 - 77
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ribs
7 - 78
1.
Normally, there are 12 pairs of
ribs that attach to the thoracic
vertebrae.
2.
The first seven pairs of ribs are
true (or vertebrosternal) ribs
that join the sternum directly
by their costal cartilages.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3. The remaining five pairs are false
ribs: the first three pairs are
vertebrochondral ribs, and the
last two pairs are floating ribs.
7 - 79
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4. Features of a typical rib include a shaft, costal
groove, anterior (sternal) end, head, neck, and
tubercle.
a. The head articulates with the vertebrae;
the tubercle articulates with the transverse
process of the thoracic vertebrae.
7 - 80
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sternum
1.
The sternum (breastbone) is
located along the anterior midline
of the thoracic cage.
2.
It consists of an upper manubrium,
middle body, and lower xiphoid process.
7 - 81
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 82
Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal
cartilages are called
A. true ribs.
B. false ribs.
C. floating ribs.
D. All of these are correct.
7 - 83
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.9 Pectoral Girdle
A.
B.
7 - 84
The pectoral girdle makes an
incomplete ring that supports the upper
limbs.
It is made up of two scapulae and two
clavicles.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C. Clavicles
1.
The clavicles are elongated S-shaped
bones located at the base of the
neck that function to brace the
scapulae.
7 - 85
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
D. Scapulae
1.
The scapulae are flat, triangular
bones on either side of the upper
back.
2.
A spine divides the scapula into
unequal portions.
7 - 86
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
4.
7 - 87
The spine leads to the acromion
process (articulates with clavicle)
and coracoid process (provides
attachments for limb and chest
muscles).
The glenoid cavity articulates with
the head of the humerus.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 88
Which of the following is included in the
pectoral girdle?
A. os coxa
B. sternum
C. sacrum
D. scapula.
7 - 89
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.10 Upper Limb
A.
7 - 90
Bones of the upper limb form the
framework for the arm, forearm,
and hand.
B. Humerus
1.
The humerus makes up the upper arm,
extending from the scapula to the
elbow.
2.
It articulates with the scapulae at its
head, with the radius at the
capitulum, and with the ulna at
the trochlea.
3.
Other features of the humerus include
the greater and lesser tubercles,
intertubercular groove, anatomical
and surgical necks, deltoid
tuberosity, epicondyles, coronoid
7 - 91
fossa, and olecranon fossa.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 92
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C. Radius
1.
The radius is located on the thumb side
of the forearm, extending from
the elbow to the wrist.
2.
The flattened head of the radius pivots
with the humerus.
3.
Other features of the radius include the
radial tuberosity and styloid process.
7 - 93
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
D. Ulna
1.
The ulna is the longer of the two bones
making up the forearm and has a
trochlear notch that articulates
with the humerus.
2.
Other features of the ulna include the
olecranon process, coronoid
process, radial notch, head of the
ulna, and styloid process.
7 - 94
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 95
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
E. Hand
1.
The wrist of the hand is made up of
eight carpal bones bound into a
carpus.
2.
The framework of the hand is made up
of five metacarpal bones.
3.
The fingers are composed of three
phalanges in each finger except
the thumb, which lacks the middle
phalanx.
7 - 96
Mneumonic: Carpals in Hand
"She Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her”
Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to medial:










Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate·
Alternatively: "She Likes To Play; Try To Catch Her".
Alternatively: “Some Lovers Try Positions That They
Can’t7 -Handle”
97
Carpal bones:
trapezium vs. trapezoid location
Since there's two T's in carpal bone
mnemonic sentences, need to know which T
is where:
 TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID
is inSIDE.·
 Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB,
TrapezOID is by its SIDE.

7 - 98
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 99
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.11 Pelvic Girdle
A. The pelvic girdle consists of the two coxal
bones and the sacrum; it supports the trunk
of the body on the lower limbs.
B. The pelvic girdle supports and protects the
lower abdominal and pelvic organs.
7 - 100
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C.
D.
7 - 101
Each coxal bone is made up of three
bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis,
that are fused in the region of the
acetabulum, the cuplike depression that
articulates with the head of the femur.
The ilium is the largest and most
superior portion of the coxal bone and
joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
E.
F.
7 - 102
The ischium forms the L-shaped portion
that supports weight during sitting.
1.
Features of the ischium include
the ischial tuberosity and ischial
spine.
The pubis comprises the anterior
portion of the coxal bones and
articulates at the symphysis pubis.
1.
The large opening, the obturator
foramen, lies within each pubis.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
G.
The greater pelvis is above the pelvic
brim and the lesser pelvis is below
H.
Structural differences between males
and female pelves can be found in
Table 7.4.
it.
7 - 103
When the hands are placed on the hips, they
are placed over the
A. Iliac crest
B. Acetabulum
C. Ischial tuberosity.
D. Ischial spine.
7 - 104
The coxal bones include the
A. ilium.
B. ischium.
C. pubis.
D. All of these are correct.
7 - 105
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.12 Lower Limb
A.
7 - 106
The bones of the lower limb provide the
framework for the thigh, lower leg, and
foot.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
B.
7 - 107
Femur
1.
The femur, or thighbone, extends
from the hip to the knee and is
the longest bone in the body.
2.
Its head articulates with the
acetabulum; it articulates with the
tibia at the medial and lateral
condyles.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
4.
7 - 108
Other features of the femur
include the fovea capitis, neck,
and greater and lesser
trochanters.
The patella (kneecap) is located in
the tendon that passes over the
knee.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 109
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C.
7 - 110
Tibia
1.
The tibia (shinbone) supports the
weight of the body and articulates
with the femur (medial and lateral
condyles) and with the tarsal
bones of the foot.
2.
Its anterior tibial tuberosity is the
point of attachment for the
patellar ligament.
3.
Other features of the tibia include
the medial malleolus (innerankle).
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
D.
7 - 111
Fibula
1.
The fibula is a slender bone lying
lateral to the tibia; it does not
bear body weight.
2.
The lateral malleolus forms the
lateral ankle.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 112
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
E.
7 - 113
Foot
1.
The ankle is composed of seven
tarsal bones, forming a tarsus.
a.
The talus articulates with
the tibia and fibula.
b.
The calcaneus supports the
body weight.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2.
3.
7 - 114
The instep of the foot consists of
five metatarsal bones and
provides an arch.
Each toe is made up of three
phalanges, with the
exception of the great toe,
which lacks a middle
phalanx.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 115
Blue Box Topic
Hip Fracture
7 - 116
The site of most hip fractures is the
A. head of the femur.
B. neck of the femur.
C. medial epicondyle of the femur.
D. None of these is correct.
7 - 117
Which of the following bones is not included
within the lower limb?
A. ulna
B. femur
C. tibia
D. fibula
7 - 118
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 7.13 Joints
A.
B.
C.
7 - 119
Joints (articulations) are the functional
junctions between bones.
Joints enable a wide variety of body
movements.
Joints can be classified according to the
degree of movement possible and
can be immovable, slightly
movable, or freely movable.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
D.
E.
7 - 120
Joints can also classified according to
the type of tissue that binds them
together.
Fibrous Joints
1.
Fibrous joints are held close
together by dense connective
tissue and are immovable (sutures
of skull) or only slightly movable
(joint between the distal tibia and
fibula).
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 121
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
F.
7 - 122
Cartilaginous Joints
1.
Hyaline cartilage or disks of
fibrocartilage unite the bones in
cartilaginous joints.
2.
Intervertebral disks between
vertebrae help absorb shock
and are slightly movable.
3.
Other examples of cartilaginous
joints include the symphysis
pubis and the first rib with
the sternum.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
G.
7 - 123
Synovial Joints
1.
Most joints of the skeleton are
synovial joints, which are
more complex than fibrous
or cartilaginous joints.
2.
The articular ends of bone in a
synovial joint are covered
with hyaline cartilage.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3.
7 - 124
A joint capsule consists of an
outer layer of dense
connective tissue that joins
the periosteum, and an
inner layer made up of
synovial membrane.
a.
Synovial fluid has the
consistency of egg whites
and lubricates articulating
surfaces within the joint.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4.
5.
7 - 125
Some synovial joints contain
shock-absorbing pads of
fibrocartilage called menisci.
Some synovial joints have fluidfilled sacs called bursae.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
7 - 126
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6.
7 - 127
Based on the shapes of their parts
and the movements they permit,
synovial joints can be classified as
follows:
a.
A ball-and-socket joint
consists of a bone with a globular
or egg-shaped head articulating
with the cup-shaped cavity of
another bone; a very wide range
of motion is possible; examples
include the hip and shoulder joint.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b.
7 - 128
A condyloid joint consists of an
ovoid condyle fitting into an
elliptical cavity, permitting a
variety of motions; an
example is the joint
between a metacarpal and
a phalange.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
c.
7 - 129
Gliding joints occur where
articulating surfaces are nearly
flat or slightly curved, allowing a
back-and-forth motion; the joints
of the wrist and ankle, as well as
those between vertebrae, are
gliding joints.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
d.
e.
7 - 130
In a hinge joint, a convex surface
fits into a concave surface, as is
found in the elbow and phalange
joints; movement is in one plane
only.
In a pivot joint , a cylindrical
surface rotates within a ring of
bone and fibrous tissue; examples
include the joint between the
proximal ends of the radius and
ulna.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
f.
7 - 131
A saddle joint forms where
articulating surfaces have both
concave and convex areas,
permitting a wide range of
movements; the joint between
the trapezium and the metacarpal
of the thumb is of this type.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
H.
Types of Joint Movements
1.
When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull
its movable end (insertion)
toward its stationary end (origin),
causing movement at a joint.
7 - 132
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2.
7 - 133
These terms describe movements that
occur at joints: flexion, extension,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
hyperextension, abduction,
adduction, rotation,
circumduction, pronation,
supination, eversion, inversion,
retraction, protraction, elevation,
and depression.
Blue Box Topic
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
7 - 134
Blue Box Topic
Arthroscopy
7 - 135
The joints between the bodies of the vertebrae
of the backbone are best described as
A. immovable.
B. slightly movable.
C. freely movable.
D. synovial.
7 - 136
A synovial membrane
A. surrounds the synovial cavity
B. secretes synovial fluid
C. stores adipose tissue
D. All of these are correct.
7 - 137
Fluid-filled sacs found between the skin and
underlying bony prominences are called
A. ligaments.
B. menisci.
C. bursae.
D. None of these is correct.
7 - 138
Moving the parts of a joint so that the angle
between them is increased is called
A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Elevation
D. Abduction.
7 - 139