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Chapter 7 Lecture PowerPoint To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you can advance to the next slide. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7.1: Introduction • Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes • Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage • By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened • 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) • 80 bones of the axial skeleton • 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton 2 Bone Classification Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Bone Classification: • Long Bones (b) • Short Bones • Sesamoid Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Wormian Bones (sutural) (c) (d) 3 (a) (e) Parts of a Long Bone • Epiphysis • Distal • Proximal • Diaphysis • Metaphysis • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Articular cartilage • Periosteum • Endosteum • Medullary cavity • Trabeculae • Bone marrow • Red marrow and yellow marrow Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epiphyseal plates Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Space containing red marrow Endosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Diaphysis Periosteum Distal epiphysis Femur 4 Microscopic Structure • Bone cells are called osteocytes • in a lacuna • Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by cellular processes in canaliculi • The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts • Collagen gives bone resilience & strength • Inorganic salts make bone hard 5 Compact Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Osteon aka Haversian System • Central canal • Perforating canal aka Volkmann’s canal • Osteocytes • Lamellae • Lacunae • Bone matrix • Canaliculi Osteon Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Endosteum Periosteum Nerve Blood vessels Pores Central canal Perforating canal Compact bone Nerve Blood vessels Nerve Trabeculae Bone matrix Canaliculus Osteocyte Lacuna (space) 6 Spongy Bone • Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spongy bone Compact bone (a) Remnant of epiphyseal plate Spongy bone Compact bone (b) (c) Spongy bone Compact bone a: © Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr. 7 7.3: Bone Development and Growth • Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development • Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two ways: • As intramembranous bones • As endchondral bones 8 Intramembranous Bones • Intramembranous Bones • These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues • They are the broad, flat bones • Skull bones (except mandible) • Are known as intramembranous bones 9 Endochondral Bones • Endochondral Bones • Bones begin as hyaline cartilage • Form models for future bones • These are most bones of the skeleton • Are known as endochondral bones 10 Endochondral Ossification • Hyaline cartilage model • Epiphyseal plate • Primary ossification center • Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts • Secondary ossification centers Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cartilaginous model Developing periosteum Remnants of epiphyseal plates Secondary ossification center Compact bone developing Spongy bone Epiphyseal plates Blood vessel Calcified cartilage (a) (b) Medullary cavity (c) Medullary cavity Compact bone Medullary cavity Remnant of epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal plate Primary ossification center Secondary ossification center (d) Articular cartilage Spongy bone Articular cartilage (e) (f) 11 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • First layer of cells Bone tissue of epiphysis • Closest to the end of epiphysis • Resting cells • Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis • Zone of resting cartilage 1 Zone of resting cartilage 2 Zone of proliferating cartilage 3 Zone of hypertrophic cartilage • Second layer of cells 4 Zone of calcified cartilage • Many rows of young Ossified bone of diaphysis cells • Undergoing mitosis • zone of proliferating cartilage (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 12 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Third layer of cells Bone tissue of epiphysis • Older cells • Left behind when new cells appear • Cells enlarging and becoming calcified • zone of hypertrophic cartilage 1 Zone of resting cartilage 2 Zone of proliferating cartilage 3 Zone of hypertrophic cartilage • Fourth layer of cells 4 Zone of calcified cartilage • Thin Ossified bone of diaphysis • Dead cells • Calcified extracellular matrix • zone of calcified cartilage (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 13 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue • Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone aka parathormone aka PTH • Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin • Occurs by direction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast 14 © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair • Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development • Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones • Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia • Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism • Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly • Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth • Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates • Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth 15 Animation: Bone Growth in Width Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. 16 7.4: Bone Function • Bones shape, support, and protect body structures 17 Support, Protection, and Movement • Support, Movement & Protection • Gives shape to head, etc. • Supports body’s weight • Protects lungs, etc. • Bones and muscles interact • When limbs or body parts move 18 Blood Cell Formation • Blood Cell Formation • Also known as hematopoiesis • Occurs in the red bone marrow 19 Inorganic Salt Storage • Inorganic Salt Storage • Calcium • Phosphate • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium 20 7.5: Skeletal Organization • The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person • Typically there are about 206 bones • For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton 21 Divisions of the Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Axial Skeleton • Skull • Spine • Rib cage Cranium Skull Face Hyoid Clavicle Scapula Sternum Humerus Ribs Vertebral column • Appendicular Skeleton • Upper limbs • Lower limbs • Shoulder girdle • Pelvic girdle Vertebral column Hip bone Carpals Sacrum Radius Coccyx Ulna Femur Metacarpals Phalanges Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals 22 Phalanges (a) (b) 7.6: Skull • Is composed of the cranium (______) and the _________________ 23 Cranium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Frontal Bone (1) • ___________ • Roof of nasal cavity • ____________ • Frontal sinuses • Supraorbital foramen • _______________ Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Supraorbital foramen Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Vomer bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Zygomatic bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen 24 Cranium • Parietal Bones (2) • _____________ • Roof of cranium • _____________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 25 Cranium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Occipital Bone (1) • _____________ • Base of cranium • ______________ • Occipital condyles • Lambdoidal suture Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic arch Median palatine suture Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Vomer bone Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Styloid process External acoustic meatus Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Mastoid foramen Lambdoid suture Temporal bone Condylar canal Occipital bone 26 Cranium • Temporal Bones (2) • __________________ • ___________________ • Floors and sides of orbits • Squamous suture • External acoustic meatus • Mandibular fossa • Mastoid process • Styloid process • Zygomatic process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 27 Cranium • Sphenoid Bone (1) • ____________ • ____________ • Floors and sides of orbits • Sella turcica • Sphenoid sinuses Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum (a) Sella turcica Foramen ovale Transverse section Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate (b) Medial pterygoid plate 28 Cranium • Ethmoid Bone (1) • __________________ • __________________ • _________ • Cribiform plates • Perpendicular plate • Superior and middle nasal conchae • Ethmoid sinuses • Crista galli Perpendicular plate Crista galli Crista galli Superior nasal concha Cribriform plate Ethmoidal sinuses Transverse section Middle nasal concha Orbital surface (a) Perpendicular plate (b) 29 Facial Skeleton • Maxillary Bones (2) • _____________ • Anterior roof of mouth • ______________ • Sides of nasal cavity • Floors of nasal cavity • Alveolar processes • Maxillary sinuses • Palatine process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 30 Facial Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. _____________ ______________ _______________ _____________ 31 Facial Skeleton • Palatine Bones (2) • ‘L’ shaped bones located behind _______________ • Posterior section of hard palate • __________________ • Lateral walls of nasal cavity Perpendicular portion Coronal section Horizontal portion 32 Facial Skeleton • Zygomatic Bones (2) • __________________ • Lateral walls of orbits • _________________ • Temporal process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 33 Facial Skeleton • Lacrimal Bones (2) • ________________ • Groove from orbit to nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone • Nasal Bones (2) • __________ Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 34 Facial Skeleton • Vomer Bone (1) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • __________________ Coronal suture Temporal bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Ethmoid bone Internal acoustic meatus Cribriform plate Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Jugular foramen Sella turcica Inferior nasal concha Palatine process of maxilla Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Foramen magnum Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process Palatine bone Vomer bone Mandible Alveolar processes 35 Facial Skeleton • Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) • Extend from lateral walls of _____________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Temporal bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Ethmoid bone Internal acoustic meatus Cribriform plate Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Jugular foramen Sella turcica Inferior nasal concha Palatine process of maxilla Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Foramen magnum Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process Palatine bone Vomer bone Mandible Alveolar processes 36 Facial Skeleton • Mandible Bone (1) • _____________ • _____________ • Ramus • Mandibular condyle • Coronoid process • Alveolar process • Mandibular foramen • Mental foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronoid process Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mandibular foramen Body Mental foramen Body (a) (b) Alveolar arch 37 Infantile Skull • _____________ – fibrous membranes Frontal suture (metopic suture) Frontal bone ______________ ________________ _______________ (b) 38 7.7: Vertebral Column • The vertebral column, or __________, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous __________________________ 39 Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ________________ (7) • ________________ (12) • _______________ (5) • _________ (4-5 fused segments) • Sacrum is ________ • Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) • ______ is fused bone Cervical vertebrae Cervical curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Sacral curvature 40 Coccyx (a) (b) Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _________ curvature • _________ curvature • __________ curvature • _________ curvature • _______ facets • Vertebral prominens • Intervertebral discs (IVD) • Intervertebral foramina (IVF) Cervical vertebrae Cervical curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Sacral curvature 41 Coccyx (a) (b) Typical Vertebrae • Includes the following parts: • Vertebral body • __________ • Lamina • __________ process • Transverse processes • ____________ • Facets 42 Cervical Vertebrae • _______ – supports head • ______ – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head • Transverse foramina • Bifid spinous processes • Vertebral prominens – useful landmark 1st; Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Vertebral foramen Transverse process Anterior Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Atlas (a) Transverse foramen Anterior articular facet for atlas Spinous process Spinous process Dens Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Body Inferior articular process (b) Transverse process (c) Axis Dens (odontoid process) 43 Thoracic Vertebrae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Transverse process • _________________ • Rib facets Pedicle Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular process Body Intervertebral notch Body Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process (a) Spinous process Inferior articular process Lamina Intervertebral disc Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular process Vertebral foramen Anterior Spinous process Pedicle Body 44 (b) Posterior (c) Lumbar Vertebrae • ______________ • Thick, short spinous processes _______________ ________ Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral foramen ________ (c) Lumbar vertebra 45 Sacrum • _____ fused segments • Median sacral crest • Posterior sacral foramina • Posterior wall of pelvic cavity • Sacral promontory aka base • Area toward _____ is the apex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacral canal Auricular surface Tubercle of median sacral crest Sacrum Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Anterior sacral foramen Coccyx (a) (b) 46 Coccyx • Aka ___________ • ____ fused segments Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacral canal Auricular surface Tubercle of median sacral crest Sacrum Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Anterior sacral foramen Coccyx (a) (b) 47 7.8: Thoracic Cage • The thoracic cage includes the ____, the _________ vertebrae, the ______, and the ___________ that attach the ribs to the ________. 48 Thoracic Cage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _____ (12) • Sternum • ________________ (12) • Costal cartilages • Supports ___________ and upper limbs • Protects ___________ • Role in ___________ Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Thoracic vertebra Sternal angle Clavicular notch 1 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Sternum Body 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 49 (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Ribs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) • Humans have ___ pairs of ribs: • __________ (7) • _________ (5), of which: Thoracic vertebra Sternal angle Clavicular notch 1 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) • ___________ (2) 4 5 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 • There are some anomalies: • ________ ribs • ________ ribs Sternum Body False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 50 (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Rib Structure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ________ • ______ – posterior end; ________ with vertebrae • Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae • ____________ – hyaline cartilage Neck Head Tubercle Anterior end Shaft Costal groove (a) Spinous process Facet Tubercle Neck Head Facet Shaft (b) Anterior end (sternal end) 51 Sternum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) • Three (3) parts of the sternum: • ___________ • Body • ___________ Thoracic vertebra Sternal angle Clavicular notch 1 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Sternum Body 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 52 (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD 7.9: Pectoral Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Also known as the _______________ • Clavicles • ___________ • Supports upper limbs • True ____________ is simply the _________ of the _______ and _______ Acromial end Sternal end Acromion process Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Scapula Rib Costal cartilage Humerus Ulna Radius (a) 53 Clavicles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Articulate with ___________ • Articulate with _______ (___________ process) • ________ joint Acromial end Sternal end Acromion process Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Scapula Rib Costal cartilage Humerus Ulna Radius (a) 54 Scapulae • _______ • Supraspinous fossa • ___________ fossa • __________ process • Coracoid process • __________ or cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion process Acromion process Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Spine Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa (a) Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral (axillary) border Medial (vertebral) border (b) (c) 55 7.10: Upper Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _____________ • Radius • _________ (Interosseous membrane) • ___________ • Metacarpals • ______________ Humerus Humerus Olecranon process Olecranon fossa Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna (c) Radius Ulna Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) (d) d: © Martin Rotker 56 Humerus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ________ • Greater tubercle • _____________ • Anatomical neck • _____________ • Deltoid tuberosity • ___________ • Trochlea • ______________ • Olecranon fossa Greater tubercle Head Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Greater tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea (a) 57 (b) Radius Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ______________ • Head • Radial _________ • Styloid _________ Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Trochlear notch Radial tuberosity Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process (a) Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius 58 Ulna Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • __________ bone • Trochlear notch • _________ process • Coronoid process • _________ process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Trochlear notch Radial tuberosity Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process (a) Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius 59 Wrist and Hand • Carpal Bones (16 total bones) •1.) Scaphoid •2.) Capitate Trapezoid •3.) Trapezium •4.) Carpals •5.) (carpus) •6.) Metacarpals •7.) (metacarpus) •8.) • ___________________ (10) • ___________ (28) Phalanges • ________ phalanx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Radius Ulna Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Scaphoid Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium 1 1 2 5 5 3 4 4 3 2 Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx • _________ phalanx • _________ phalanx (a) (b) 60 7.11: Pelvic Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Coxal Bones (2) • _______________ • Protects viscera • ____________ Sacral canal Ilium Sacrum Sacral hiatus Coccyx Ischium (b) Pubis Obturator foramen Sacroiliac joint Ilium Sacral promontory Sacrum Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis Pubic tubercle Ischium 61 Pubic arch (a) c: © Martin Rotker (c) Hip Bones • Also known as the coxae: • ______________ • There are three (3) bones: 1. _________ • Iliac crest • Iliac spines • Greater sciatic notch 2. ___________ • Ischial spines • Lesser sciatic notch • Ischial tuberosity 3. _________ • Obturator foramen • Symphysis pubis • Pubic arch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine Ilium Posterior inferior iliac spine Obturator foramen Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pubis Ischium Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic crest Ischium Pubis Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity (a) (b) 62 Greater and Lesser Pelves • Greater Pelvis • __________________ • Iliac bones laterally • Abdominal wall anteriorly • Lesser Pelvis • _____________________ • Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch Sacral promontory Sacral curvature 63 (b) Male pelvis Pubic arch Differences Between Male Female Pelves Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Female pelvis • ____________________ • Broader hips • _____________________ • More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities • Sacral curvature shorter and flatter • _________________ • Why? Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch Sacral promontory Sacral curvature 64 (b) Male pelvis Pubic arch 7.12: Lower Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ________ • Patella • ________ • Fibula • _________ • Metatarsals • __________ Femur Patella Femur Fibula Tibia (c) Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals (d) Posterior view 65 Phalanges (b) Femur Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ______________ • Head • ______________ • Neck • _______________ • Lesser trochanter • ______________ • Condyles • ______________ Fovea capitis Neck Head Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa (a) Patellar surface (b) 66 Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ______________ • Anterior surface of the knee joint • Flat _________ located in the quadriceps tendon Femur Patella Femur Fibula Tibia (c) Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals (d) Posterior view 67 Phalanges (b) Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _________________ • Medial to fibula • ________________ • Tibial tuberosity • __________________ • Makes the medial malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus 68 Fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ___________________ • Long, slender • ______________ • Makes the lateral malleolus • _________________ Lateral condyle Head of fibula Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus 69 Foot • Tarsal Bones (14) • _____________ • Talus • _______________ • Cuboid • _____________________ • Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform • Medial (1st) cuneiform Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Tibia Talus Medial cuneiformNavicular Metatarsals (metatarsus) • Metatarsal Bones (10) • Phalanges (28) Calcaneus Phalanges Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Tarsals (tarsus) • ________ • Middle • _______ 70 Foot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform 5 4 3 2 1 Metatarsals (metatarsus) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges 71 (a) 7.13: Lifespan Changes • _______________________________ • Calcium levels fall • ________________________ • Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts • _______________________________ • Bone loss rapid in menopausal women • ____________________________ • Vertebral compression fractures common 72