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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я УКРАЇНИ
НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ МЕДИЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
ІМЕНІ О.О. БОГОМОЛЬЦЯ
КАФЕДРА НОРМАЛЬНОЇ АНАТОМІЇ
The theme of the lecture:
General
osteology
The chief of department prof. V. G. Cherkasov
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Bone
(os,
Greek
osteon) is an organ,
that functionates as
support or support
and defence.
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All the bones of an
organism united in
bone system (skeleton
or systema skeletale),
which is usually called
skeleton.
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Male skeleton
Female skeleton.
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Male scull
Female scull
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•
•
•
•
•
Skeleton performs many
functions:
support
protection
body movement
hemopoiesis
mineral storage
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• Bone Markings and Formations
Bone markings appear
wherever tendons, ligaments,
and fascias are attached or
where arteries lie adjacent to
or enter bones.
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The various markings and features of
bones are:
• caput (head): large, round articular end
(e.g., the head of the humerus).
• Capitulum: small, round, articular head
(e.g., the capitulum of the humerus).
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• Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular
area, usually occurring in pairs (e.g.,
occipital condyle).
• Crest: ridge of bone (e.g., the sacral
crest).
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• Epicondyle: eminence superior to a
condyle (e.g., the lateral epicondyle of the
humerus).
• Facet: smooth flat area, usually covered
with cartilage, where a bone articulates
with another bone (e.g., the superior costal
facet on the body of a vertebra for
articulation
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• Foramen: passage through a bone (e.g.,
the vertebral foramen).
• Fossa: hollow or depressed area (e.g., the
infraspinous fossa of the scapula).
• Groove: elongated depression or furrow
(e.g., the radial groove of the humerus).
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• Line: linear elevation (e.g., the soleal line
of the tibia).
• Malleolus: rounded process (e.g., the
lateral malleolus of the fibula).
• Notch: indentation at the edge of a bone
(e.g., the greater sciatic notch).
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• Protuberance: projection of bone (e.g., the
external occipital protuberance).
• Spine: thorn-like process (e.g., the spine
of the scapula).
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• Spinous process: projecting spine-like part
(e.g., the spinous process of a vertebra).
• Trochanter: large blunt elevation
(e.g., the greater trochanter of the
femur).
• Trochlea: spool-like articular process or
process that acts as a pulley (e.g.,
trochlea of the humerus).
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• Tubercle: small raised eminence (e.g., the
greater tubercle of the humerus).
• Tuberosity: large rounded elevation (e.g.,
the ischial tuberosity).
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Stages of the development
of the skeleton:
1.connective-tissue (membranouse)
2.cartilaginous
3.bony
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The bones, which go through
these
three
developmental
stages, called secondary bone.
The bones, which are formed
directly from connective tissue
without going through the stage
of the cartilage, called primary
bone.
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The
skeleton
is
devided into axial and
appendicular portion.
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The components of the axial
skeleton are as follow:
1.Skull (cranium)
2.Hyoid bone
3.Vertebral column
4.Ribs and sternum
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The appendicular skeleton is
composed of the:
1.Pectoral girdle
2.Upper limb
3.Pelvic girdle
4.Lower limb
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The skeleton is composed of more
then 200 bones.
Bone classification according
the shape:
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
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• Long bones are tubular (e.g., the humerus in the
arm).
• Short bones are cuboidal and are found only in
the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus).
• Flat bones usually serve protective functions
(e.g., those forming the cranium protect the
brain).
• Irregular bones (e.g., in the face) have various
shapes other than long, short, or flat.
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• Sesamoid bones (e.g., the patella or knee
cap) develop in certain tendons and are
found where tendons cross the ends of
long bones in the limbs; they protect the
tendons from excessive wear and often
change the angle of the tendons as they
pass to their attachments.
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The types of bones
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As a organ bone has:
1. bone tissue: compact tissue
spongy tissue
2. bone marrow
3. periosteum
4. epiphyseal cartilage
5. vessels and nerve
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The part of the tubulare bone
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The structure of bone
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Osteon – is a structuring
unit compact tissue of the
bone. This is a system of bone
lamellars, which are situated
around the thin (Haversion)
canal, where vessels and
nerves are going through.
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On the surface of the bone
trabeculars
are
situated
compactus and form compact
bone
tissue.
Between
the
trabeculars of spongy tissue,
which situated under the compact
tissue, there are a lot of lacunas.
In the wall of diaphysis of
tubular bones and flat bones the
compact tissue is the main.
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The bone lacunares of the
spongy tissue contain bone
marrow. It is situated in a
central canal in the spongy
bones which is called bonemedullary cavity. One half of
the bone marrow forms red
bone marrow and yellow bone
marrow.
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By the time of appearing in
ontogenesis centers ossification are divided into:
• primary points (centres)
• secondary points (centres)
• accessory points (centres)
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The types of ossification
(osteogenesis) are
distinguished:
• Intramembranous or endesmal
• Perichondral
• Enchondral
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THE END
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