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Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy Anatomical position • To avoid confusion among medical professional an anatomical position has been established. It is an erect stance with arms to the side palms facing forward and head forward. Anatomical planes Medical term for locations • Anterior-refers to the front of the body • Posterior refers to the back of the body Medial and Lateral Medial-closer to the midline M Lateral-away from the midline M L L Proximal *Towards an attachment Ex. Shoulder is proximal to the elbow Ex. Hip is proximal to the knee Distal *Away from the attachment Cranial/Superior Closer To the Head Caudal/Inferior •Closer to the feet •Lower part of body Movements •Flexion( ) -bending of hinge joint •Extension( / )straightening of hinge joint •Abduction( Abd)-Away from the midline •Adduction (Add)toward the midline Pronation(pron)- palm down for wrist Inward lean of forefoot for ankle •Supination(sup)-palm up for wrist •Outward lean of forefoot for ankle •Inversion(Inv)sole is inward •Eversion(Ev)sole is outward • Protraction (protract)shoulders forward • Retraction(retract -shoulders back • Internal rotation(Int. R)rotating toward the body External rotation (Ext.R)-rotating away from the body Circumduction(circum.) • Happens at the ball and socket joint and encompasses several movements. Plantarflexion(PF)pointing ankle Dorsiflexion(DF)-ankle up Lateral flexion-to the side Horizontal Abduction and Horizontal Adduction HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION