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Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth:
The Age of the
Renaissance
Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceiling
p332
Meaning and Characteristics of the
Italian Renaissance
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Renaissance = Rebirth
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The work and legacy of Jacob Burkhardt
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The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
Major Features
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Urban society
Age of recovery
Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture
Emphasis on individual ability
The Making of Renaissance Society
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Economic Recovery
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Expansion of trade
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Industries old and new
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Italian cities lose economic supremacy
Hanseatic League
Textiles, printing, mining, and metallurgy
Banking and the Medici
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Florence
Lubeck and the Hanseatic League
p335
Social Changes in the Renaissance
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The Nobility (2 – 3 percent of population)
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Ideals: Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)
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Peasants and Townspeople (85 – 90 percent of
population)
Decline of manorialism and serfdom
Urban hierarchy
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The Book of the Courtier (1528)
Patricians, petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans,
guildmasters, guildsmen, workers, and unemployed
Slavery in the Renaissance
Family and Marriage in Renaissance
Italy
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Marriage
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Arranged, to strengthen business or family ties
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Father-husband: head of family
Wife managed household
Children
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The importance of the dowry
The dangers of childbirth and childhood
Sexual Norms
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Disparity in ages of spouses
Extramarital sexual relationships
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
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Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
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Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
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The Italian States in the Renaissance
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The Five Major States
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The north: the duchy of Milan and the republic
of Venice
The republic of Florence
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The Medici
The Papal States
The Kingdom of Naples
Independent City-States
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Urbino
The Role of Women
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Isabella d’Este (1474 – 1539)
MAP 12.1 Renaissance Italy
Map 12.1 p340
Piero della Francesca, Duke and Duchess of Urbino
p341
The Italian States in the Renaissance
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Warfare in Italy
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The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
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Fragmentation and the balance of power
France and Spain fight over the peninsula
Resident agents or ambassadors
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) and the
New Statecraft
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The Prince
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Goals: acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of
political power
CHRONOLOGY The Italian States in the Renaissance
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Niccolo Machiavelli
p343
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
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Italian Renaissance Humanism
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The emergence of humanism
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The studia humanitatis, based on Greco-Roman
literature
The importance of Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
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Civic Humanism – Florence
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Cicero as model
Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)
Growing interest in Greek civilization
Humanist consciousness
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Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
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Italian Renaissance Humanism
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Humanism and Philosophy
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Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
 Translation of Plato’s dialogues
 Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
Renaissance Hermeticism
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Ficino’s Corpus Hermeticum
A new view of humankind: divine creative power
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494)
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Oration on the Dignity of Man
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
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Education in the Renaissance
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The subjects and goals liberal studies
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Was there a Renaissance for women?
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Isotta Nogarola and Laura Cereta
Humanism and History
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History, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric),
letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics,
astronomy, and music
Francesco Guicciardini
The Impact of Printing
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Movable type and Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)
The Artistic Renaissance
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Art in the Early Renaissance
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Masaccio (1401 – 1428)
A new realism
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Invention at the Medici court: Sandra Botticelli
(1445 – 1510)
Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)
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David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
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Perspective and organization
Movement and anatomical structure
Church of San Lorenzo
Assertion of human individuality: portraits
Masaccio, Tribute Money
p351
Botticelli, Primavera
p351
Donatello, David
p352
Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of the Duomo
p352
Brunelleschi, Interior of San Lorenzo
p353
The Artistic Renaissance
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The Artistic High Renaissance
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
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Raphael (1483 – 1520)
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School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
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Last Supper
The Sistine Chapel
David
Donato Bramante (1444 – 1514)
The Artist and Social Status
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The economic rewards of artistic genius
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper
p353
Raphael, School of Athens
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Michelangelo, David
p355
The Artistic Renaissance
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The Northern Artistic Renaissance
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Jan van Eyck (c. 1390 – 1441)
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Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
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Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Adoration of the Magi
Music in the Renaissance
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Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474)
The madrigal
Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfmi and His Bride
p357
The European State in the
Renaissance
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The Growth of the French Monarchy
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Louis XI, the Spider (1461 – 1483)
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Territorial expansion and royal control
England: Civil War and a New Monarchy
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The Wars of the Roses
The administrative and financial reforms of
Henry VII (1485 – 1509)
Durer, Adoration of the Magi
p357
MAP 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century
Map 12.2 p358
The European State in the
Renaissance
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The Unification of Spain
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Isabella of Castile (1474 – 1504) and Ferdinand
of Aragón (1479 – 1516)
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Establishment of professional royal army
Religious uniformity
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The Inquisition
Conquest of Granada
Expulsion of the Jews
The Holy Roman Empire: the Success of the
Habsburgs
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Dynastic marriage and territorial growth
Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)
MAP 12.3 The Iberian Peninsula
Map 12.3 p359
The European State in the
Renaissance
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The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
Europe
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Poland: conflict between nobility and the crown
Hungary
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Russia
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Matthias Corvinus (1458 – 1490): short-term
centralization
Ivan III (1462 – 1505): overthrow of the Mongols
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the
Byzantine Empire
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The spread of the Seljuk Turks
Fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453)
CHRONOLOGY Europe in the Renaissance
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The Church in the Renaissance
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The Problem of Heresy and Reform
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John Wyclif (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy
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John Hus (1374 – 1415) and the Hussites
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The push for a vernacular Bible
Attack on practices not mentioned in Scripture
Criticism of worldliness and corruption of the clergy
Burned at the stake (1415)
Reform of the Church
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Church councils
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Sacrosancta and Frequens
MAP 12.4 The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe
Map 12.4 p362
The Church in the Renaissance
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The Renaissance Papacy
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Julius II (1503 – 1513), “warrior-pope”
Nepotism
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Sixtus IV (1471 – 1484) and his nephews
Alexander VI (1492 – 1503) and the Borgias
Patrons of culture
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Leo X (1513 – 1521)
A Renaissance Pope: Leo X
p363
CHRONOLOGY The Church in the Renaissance
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Chapter Timeline
p365
Discussion Questions
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What social and intellectual changes did the Renaissance
bring about?
How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political
power?
How did the printing press change European society?
What technical achievements did Renaissance artists
make? Why were they significant?
What was the significance of the Wars of the Roses in
England?
How did the popes handle the growing problems that
were emerging in the Church in the fifteenth and early
sixteenth Century?