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Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance p. 340 Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth Jacob Burkhardt Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) Urban Society Age of Recovery Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Emphasis on individual ability The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Italian cities lose economic supremacy Hanseatic League Manufacturing Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy Banking Florence and the Medici p. 343 Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility Reconstruction of the Aristocracy Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529( The Book of the Courtier (1528) Service to the prince Peasants and Townspeople Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom Urban Society Patricians Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen The Poor and Unemployed Slaves Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy Arranged Marriages Father-husband head of family Wife managed household Childbirth Sexual Norms p. 346 Italian States in the Renaissance Five Major Powers Milan Venice Florence The Medici The Papal States Kingdom of Naples The Role of Women France and Spain fight over the peninsula Modern diplomatic system Map 12-1, p. 348 p. 349 Chronology, p. 351 Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) The Prince Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power p. 351 The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy Italian Renaissance Humanism Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature Petrarch (1304 – 1374) Civic Humanism – Florence Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) Humanism and Philosophy Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) Translates Plato’s dialogues Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism Renaissance Hermeticism New Cicero Corpus Hermeticum Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494) Oration on the Dignity of Man Education & The Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music Education of Women Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen Francesco Guicciardini The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) The Spread of Printing The Artistic Renaissance Early Renaissance Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) Last Supper Raphael (1483 – 1520) Church of San Lorenzo Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Masaccio (1401 – 1428) Perspective and Organization Movement and Anatomical Structure School of Athens Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) The Sistine Chapel p. 359 p. 359 p. 360 p. 360 p. 361 p. 361 p. 362 p. 363 p. 363 The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441) Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Adoration of the Magi Music in the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay p. 365 p. 366 The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe France England Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) War of the Roses Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of the Jews Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Habsburg Dynasty Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) Poland Hungary Russia The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) Map 12-2, p. 367 Map 12-3, p. 368 Chronology, p. 370 The Church in the Renaissance The Problem of Heresy and Reform John Hus (1374 – 1415) Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) Church Councils The Papacy The Renaissance Papacy Julius II (1503 – 1513) “Warrior Pope” Nepotism Patrons of Culture Leo X (1513 – 1521) Map 12-4, p. 371 p. 372 Chronology, p. 373 Timeline, p. 374 Discussion Questions What social changes did the Renaissance bring about? How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? How did the printing press change European society? What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? What was the significance of The War of the Roses in England? How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century?