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BME-HUMAN ANATOMY-2
SKIN. BONES.
SKIN – terminology, general info
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Skin is the body’s largest and heaviest organ in adults
...which covers an area of 1.5 to 2.0 m2
...which accounts for about 15% of the body weight
...which together with the hair, nails, and glands
comprises integumentary system (“integument” means
“covering” in Latin).
• The scientific study and medical treatment of the
integumentary system are called dermatology.
SKIN – terminology, general info
• Skin is the most visible organ of our body, which
appearance strongly affects our social interactions.
• Inspection of the skin, hair, and nails is a significant part
of a physical examination.
• It consists of two layers: a stratified squamous epithelium
called the epidermis and a deeper connective tissue layer
called the dermis (fig. 6.1, p.182)
• Below the dermis is another connective tissue layer, the
hypodermis, which is not part of the skin but is
customarily studied in conjunction with it.
SKIN – functions
• resists to trauma and infection (protein
keratin is an important part of it).
• protects from water evaporation (as insulator)
• helps to vitamin D synthesis (with liver &
kidney).
• provides with sesnsory impulses (with
nervoue system)
• is the body thermoregulator (with circulatory
system)
SKIN – connections with other systems
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Skeletal: vit. D => calcium => bone growth
Muscular: vit. D => calcium => contraction
Nervous: vit. D => calcium => signal transmit.
Endocrine: vit. D => calcium => hormone secr.
Circulatory: blood resrvoir
Immune: alerts if pathogen breach barrier
Urinary: excretes salts, some waste & water
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to
bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
 Divided into two divisions
 Axial skeleton (red)- skull,
spinal column, rib cage)
 Appendicular skeleton (blue)
– limbs and girdles
SKELETAL SYSTEM - functions
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SUPPORTS posture & movement
PROTECTS internal organs
STORAGE for minerals
FORMATION of blood cells
SKELETAL SYSTEM - bones
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By structure
Compact bone (homogenous)
Spongy bone (with spaces) fig. 7.1 p.208
By form
Long (leg or arm bones)
Short (wrist bones)
Flat (skull, scapula)
Irregular (pelvis, vertebrae)
General view of skeletal system (p.235, fig.8.1)
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body
 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral Column
 Rib Cage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
The Skull (p.238, fig.8.4)
•8 sutured bones in cranium
•Facial bones: 13 sutured bones 1
mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses
The Vertebral Column (p.251 fig.8.18, 8.19)
 Vertebrae separated by intervertebral
discs made of cartilage
 The spine has a normal S curvature
 Each vertebrae is given a name
according to its location
 Parts are: cervical (7), thoracic (12),
lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4)
 Pathological curves are scoliosis,
kyphosis & lordosis (p.252, fig. 8.21)
Side 5.2
Thoracic cage (p.257, Fig.8.27)
• Twelve thoracic vertebrae behind are connected
to sternum by ribs (“costa” – lat.).
• It contains the lungs and heart and provides
attachment for the shoulder girdle.
• The cage also protects the spleen, major part of
the liver, and a little bit kidneys.
• For inhalation external intercostal respiratory
muscles and diaphragm contract to create a
vacuum that draws air into the lungs. Exhalation
is passive action for resting condition.
Sternum & ribs
• Sternum – is the breastbone
• Ribs 1 -7 are “true” ribs, due to their direct
attachment to the sternum
• Ribs 8 – 10 are “false” ribs
• Ribs 11 & 12 are floating ribs
Shoulder girdle & upper extremity
(pp.260 – 264)
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Clavicula – collar bone
Scapula – shoulder blade
Humerus – arm bone
Radius – forearm bone
Ulna – forearm bone
Carpal bones (8) – wrist bones
Metacarpal bones (5) - palm bones
Phalanx bones (14) – finger bones
Pelvic girdle & lower extremity
(pp.265 – 271)
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Pelvic girdle (pelvis & sacrum)
Femur - thigh
Tibia – medial leg bone
Fibula – lateral leg bone
Tarsal bones - ankle
Metatarsal bones - foot
Phalax bones - toes