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The Solar System Read the inner planet WS Inner Planets WS • • • • • • • • • 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars 5. all 6.Earth 7. Venus 8. Mars 9.Earth. Mars • • • • • • 10. Venus & Earth 11. Mercury 12. Venus 13. Mars, Earth 14. Mars 15.The 4 inner planets with rocky surfaces • 16.clockwise “backward” rotation • 17. atmosphere traps in heat warming the planet Our solar system has 8 planets! My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos! Vulcanoid Belt • A belt of rocky objects between the sun and Mercury. • We do not know with certainty that it exists because it is so close to the sun that glare would make small objects difficult to observe. Planets • 4 major criteria are required to be called a planet: – a large body that shines by reflecting sunlight – revolves in a stable orbit around the sun – large enough that its own gravity pulls it into a round shape – Must be dominant enough to clear the area around it Terms to know! • AU: distance from the Earth to the sun • Greenhouse Effect: – Atmosphere traps in heat like a blanket. – Thicker atmosphere = greater GH effect=like a thinker blanket – Stabilizes temperature • Rotation: – Spinning – Determines a Day • Revolution -orbit – Revolving around a star – Determines a year • Satellite – Moons – Any object that orbits a planet! Inner / Terrestrial Planets • Which ones are the inner planets? Inner Planets • Which ones are the inner planets? – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • Inner planets are also called terrestrial planets. Why? Inner Planets • Which ones are the inner planets? – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • Inner planets are also called terrestrial planets. Why? – They are made mainly of rock and iron-nickel compounds Generally smaller in size Only 2 of the inner planets are inferior. What are the 2 inferior planets? • Inferior planets – – Most are between Sun and Earth – If closer to the sun, it shows phases like the moon! Superior Planets • Superior planets – – further from the Sun than Earth – always appear full (no phases like the moon) – What are the superior planets? • Mars, Jupiter, Saturn , Uranus & Neptune Superior – Always Full Inferior PHASES The Inner Planets Also called terrestrial planets •Closest to the sun •Many craters with little erosion •Made of the dense metals iron & nickel •Has almost no atmosphere, •very hot during the day (430 C) •very cold at night (-170 C) •Little Greenhouse effect •Has a Magnetic Field •Hard to collect data from Mercury •Mariner 10 (1970s) MESSANGER (now) Mercury Mercury • Considered an extreme planet – – – – – Smallest Densest oldest largest daily variations in surface temperature least explored. 0.39 AU Venus - Earth’s Twin Planet •similar in: • size •mass •composition •distance from the sun • 0.72 AU Why don’t we live on Venus? •no oceans, has volcanoes Here is what is different: •thick clouds that spin rapidly and trap heat on the surface GREENHOUSE EFFECT •Mostly CO2 •Hottest surface of all! (460C) •air pressure 90 x greater than Earth What else is different? •Retrograde Rotation: •CLOCKWISE! •Sun rises in the WEST! •Day is 8 months long •Revolution: •Venus’ day is longer than it’s year •7.5 earth months •71% water •Only planet known to have life Earth: Goldilocks! Just Right. •Nitrogen & Oxygen, CO2 and H2O •Nitrogen is used in plants to make protein •Magnetosphere •Protects from solar flares •Magnetic Field •Produced by liquid outer core 1 AU •Small rocky and red •iron oxide, or rust. Mars •Ice at the poles. Mostly Water & SOME Dry ice! •Used to have liquid water, or ice below the surface. •Largest Volcano in the Solar System •Olympus Mons •Largest Canyon •Valles Marineris -From NY to LA •Has 2 moons- Phobos and Deimos •Rotation: almost the same as Earth •Revolution:687 days in an Martian year •Atmosphere: mostly of carbon dioxide. •Strong Winds •1% the pressure of Earth •Thin atmosphere: 20C to -140C 1.5 AU Mars • There are currently several probes and satellites around Mars and rovers on Mars • planned mission to send humans to Mars within the next 30 years. – Funding was cut Asteroid belt ↓ Asteroid belt • between Mars & Jupiter • thousands of rock fragments that orbit around the sun • Too small to be spherical or clear a path • Largest asteroids have been reclassified; now called Dwarf planets – Ceres! Read the Outer Planet WS answers 1. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 2. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 3. Doesn’t clear its path (other objects in its orbit), not a planet, small and rocky 10.The 4 large outer planets. No solid surface, but a solid core. Diagram order: • Mercury • Venus • Earth 6. Jupiter • Mars 7. Ice and rock • Jupiter 8. Uranus orbit was a bit off, so must have been influenced by an unseen planet. Predicted! • Saturn • Uranus • Neptune 4. Large gravity 5. The sun! (too cold, not nuclear fusion) 9. Does not clear its path Outer planets • Which planets are included in the outer planets? Outer planets • Which planets are included in the outer planets? – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Outer planets Jovian Gas Planets • Which planets are included in the outer planets? – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • Made up mostly of frozen hydrogen and helium • Atmospheres can be made of thick layers of methane and ammonia • Atmosphere: – A frozen & liquid “gas” planet • H and He are not gasses here Jupiter – Great Red Spot: • an ongoing storm “hurricane” • Larger than Earth – Pressure is 30 million times greater • Largest planet – 2x mass of all other planets together – Solid core of iron • Rotation: Day = 9.9 hours • Revolution: Year= ~12 Earth yrs • Satellites: 63 moons – Europa might have life under the ice. 5.2 AU •Another gas planet •Size- 2nd largest •smaller than Jupiter Saturn •larger diameter because of rings •Hundreds of Rings •chunks of ice and rocks orbiting •only planet with a density < water •In a huge bathtub what would happen? •Satellites- at least 61 moons! •largest moon- Titan •Larger than Mercury! •atmosphere like early Earth's 9.5 AU Saturn’s Rings Hubble telescope picture of auroras occurring on Saturn Outer planets – What does this tell you about Saturn? •Gas Planet •Twice as far from the Sun as Saturn Uranus •4x Bigger than earth. •27 moons •Rotation: day = 17 hours •Revolution: year = 84 Earth days •Has rings (dark colored) •Appears blue •methane gas in its atmosphere •Axis tilted at a 90° angle, rotating from top to bottom, cosmic collision? 19.2 AU Rotation Angles • Look at Uranus! • Rotates on its side! • Looks like its rolling, not spinning like a top. Centaurs • Orbiting between Jupiter & Neptune • 9 discovered so far • Unstable orbits; astronomers believe that they are refugees from the Kuiper Belt • Some may become comets •Discovered by mathematical prediction! •Atmosphere: •blue -traces of methane gas Neptune •Nitrogen ice •Clouds and storms Winds exceed 1000 Km/hr Spots – hurricanes •13 moons •Triton -Coldest in solar system= -200C •Retrograde rotation like Venus! •Must have been captured by Neptune’s gravity. •Rotation: 16 hours •Revolution: 164 years to orbit the sun! 30 AU Kuiper Belt ↓ Kuiper Belt • This disk-shaped • icy debris • 4.5 to 7.5 billion km from sun • Pluto & most dwarf planets • 800 objects discovered so far Dwarf Planets • New classification occurred in 2006 Orbits around the sun (not a moon) pulled into a sphere X Does NOT clear the neighborhood of its orbit Dwarf Planets • There are 5 dwarf planets known so far: – asteroid belt: • Ceres – Kuiper belt • • • • Pluto Eris Makemake Haumea Oort Cloud • • • • spherical cloud surrounding our Solar System. outer edge of our solar system comets that streak by the Earth come from it Sedna – – – – – – farthest known object in our solar system in the oort cloud ¾ size of Pluto, freezing cold (-400 F) orbit =10,500 years to go around the Sun!!!! Comets • ice and dust • Least changed objects since the formation of the solar system • 5 parts: nucleus, coma, hydrogen cloud, dust tail and ion tail • Only visible when near the sun • Halley’s comet – – visible every 76 years. – Next time we will see it is 2062. Meteorites • Meteoroid- chunk of rock and ice debris in space • Meteor- the light given off when it enters into Earth’s atmosphere (shooting star) • Meteorite- impacts the surface (makes craters) Meteorite - Arizona Exoplanets • What does the word exo mean? Exoplanets • What does the word exo mean? • What is an exoplanet? Exoplanets • What does the word exo mean? • What is an exoplanet? – A planet outside of our solar system – There have been about 528 discovered so far – Some are “goldilocks” planets that may be a lot like Earth. Brown Dwarfs • Failed stars: too big to be a planet, not big enough to have nuclear fusion