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Earth Warm Up Ch. 27 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Does Mars have an atmosphere? If so…what is it made of? What is a major difference between the Terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets? Which planet has caps of frozen Carbon dioxide? Explain the structure of Jupiter? Name 4 of Jupiter’s moons? Warm Up Ch. 27 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is Pluto and Mercury’s orbit inclination? The force of gravitation between 2 objects depends on what? Why does Mercury have no atmosphere? Why is Venus so hot? Why is it difficult to achieve nuclear fusion except in the center of stars? The Planets and The Solar System Chapter 27 Overview of the solar system Solar system includes Sun • Nine planets and their satellites • Asteroids • Comets • Meteoroids • The solar system A planet's orbit lies in an orbital plane • Similar to a flat sheet of paper • The orbital planes of the planets are inclined • Planes of seven planets lie within 3 degrees of the Sun's equator • Mercury's is inclined 7 degrees • Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees Two groups of planets occur in the solar system • Terrestrial (Earth-like) planets • Mercury through Mars • Small, dense, rocky • Low escape velocities Two groups of planets occur in the solar system • Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets • Jupiter through Neptune • Large, low density, gaseous • Massive • Thick atmospheres • Pluto not included in either group The planets drawn to scale Evolution of the planets Nebular hypothesis • Our planets formed about 5 billion years ago • Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula Evolution of the planets Nebular hypothesis • Planets formed about 5 billion years ago • Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula As the planets formed, the materials that compose them separated Due to their surface gravities, Venus and Earth retained atmospheric gases Due to frigid temperatures, the Jovian planets contain a high percentage of ices END OF LECTURE Mercury • • • • • Closest to the sun which makes its orbit the shortest 1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days 1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days Has no atmosphere because it has weak gravity - Day temps = 400+ degrees C - Night temps = -200 degrees C Its surface has craters and plains (due to previous volcanic flow) Photomosaic of Mercury Venus • • • Second to the Moon in brilliance Similar to Earth in • Size, Density, and location Shrouded in thick clouds • Impenetrable by visible light • Atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxide • Surface atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth's Computer generated view of Venus Mars Called the "Red Planet" • Atmosphere • 1% as dense as Earth's • Primarily carbon dioxide • Polar caps of water ice, covered by a thin layer of frozen carbon dioxide • A picture of the Martian landscape from the Viking 1 lander Mars • Surface • Numerous large volcanoes – largest is Mons Olympus • Less-abundant impact craters • Tectonically dead • Several canyons • Some larger than Grand Canyon Mons Olympus, an inactive shield volcano on Mars The Valles Marineris canyon system on Mars Mars • Moons • Two moons • Phobos • Deimos • Captured asteroids c Scale Model -Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and [the little gray one] the moon Jupiter • • Largest planet • 2.5 more massive than combined mass of the planets, satellites, and asteroids • If it had been ten times larger, it would have been a small star Rapid rotation • Slightly less than 10 hours • Slightly bulged equatorial region END OF LECTURE Artist’s view of Jupiter with the Great Red Spot visible Infrared image of Jupiter Jupiter • • Banded appearance • Multicolored • Bands are aligned parallel to Jupiter's equator • Generated by wind systems Great Red Spot • In planet's southern hemisphere • Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic storm Jupiter • Structure • Surface thought to be a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen • Halfway into the interior, pressure causes liquid hydrogen to turn into liquid metallic hydrogen • Rocky and metallic material probably exists in a central core Jupiter • Moons • At least 67 moons • Four largest moons • Discovered by Galileo • Called Galilean satellites • Callisto – outermost moon • Europa – smallest moon • Ganymede - largest Jovian satellite • Io - innermost Galilean moon and is also volcanically active A volcanic eruption on Io Saturn Similar to Jupiter in its • Atmosphere • Composition • Internal structure • Rings • Most prominent feature • Discovered by Galileo in 1610 • Complex • Saturn • Rings • Composed of small particles (moonlets) that orbit the planet • Most rings fall into one of two categories based on particle density • Thought to be debris ejected from moons • Origin is still being debated Saturn • Other features • Dynamic atmosphere • Large cyclonic storms similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot • 67 named moons – the largest Saturnian moon • Second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede) in the solar system • Has a substantial atmosphere • Titan Uranus Uranus and Neptune are nearly twins • Rotates "on its side" • Rings • 27 moons discovered so far • Large moons have varied terrains • Neptune • • • Dynamic atmosphere • One of the windiest places in the solar system • Great Dark Spot 13 satellites Triton – largest Neptune moon • Orbit is opposite direction • Lowest surface temperature in the solar system (-391ºF) Scale model --[from left, back row] Jupiter, Saturn,[middle row]:Uranus, Neptune,and then the little ones in front row, from left:Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and the moon Pluto • • • • • Not visible with the unaided eye Discovered in 1930 Highly elongated orbit causes it to occasionally travel inside the orbit of Neptune, where it resided from 1979 thru February 1999 Moon (Charon) discovered in 1978 • Could be a double planet Average temperature is -210ºC Pluto and its moon Charon as compared to the size of Earth Minor members of the solar system Asteroids • • • • • Most lie between Mars and Jupiter Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620 miles in diameter Some have very eccentric orbits Irregular shapes Origin is uncertain Portf olio #9 DUE TODAY IS THIS THE INSIDE OF YOUR BRAIN The orbits of most asteroids lie between Mars and Jupiter Image of asteroid 951 (Gaspra) Minor members of the solar system Comets • Composition • • • Frozen gases Rocky and metallic materials Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun • • Produces a glowing head called the coma Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun due to • Radiation pressure and the • Solar wind Orientation of a comet’s tail as it orbits the Sun Minor members of the solar system Comets • Origin • • • Not well known Form at great distance from the Sun Most famous short-period comet is Halley's comet • • 76 year orbital period Potato-shaped nucleus (16 km by 8 km) Comet Hale-Bopp Minor members of the solar system Meteoroids • • • Called meteors when they enter Earth's atmosphere A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet's path Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when they are found on Earth Symphony of Science: Secret of the Sars 3:30 th 27 February Friday Night The moon and Venus are going to be in conjunction (they will be bright and really close) SOLAR SYSTEM 3/4 TODAY… 1. Roll 2. Homework 3. DAILY POWERPOINT NOTES CORNELL NOTES Review TRIPLE WRITE QUIZ List the 8 Planets in order from the sun 4. PORTFOLIO #7 DUE 5. Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes 6. Tonight’s Homework Section Review 26.1 page 576 Section Review 26.2 page 580 Chapter26 Review page 584 - 585 3/5 TODAY… 1. Roll 2. Homework 3. DAILY TRIPLE WRITE QUIZ List the 8 Planets in order from the sun and describe their appearance 4. Chapter 6. Review POWERPOINT NOTES CORNELL NOTES 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes Tonight’s Homework Portf olio #7 TODAY