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A nebula, the remains of stars from previous generations, are composed of various gases including: •Hydrogen •Helium •Lithium •Other elements They drift about an area, the heavier atomic elements pulling the lighter elements to them, forming great clouds star nurseries—areas where stars are born. The star nursery continues to condense, pulling in more and more gases. The gases begin a pattern of rotation forming into a disc shape. Across the disc gases have varying densities and temperatures, with the hottest most dense area of gas being in the center. The density of the center reaches a critical mass at which point it implodes into itself and ignites into a gigantic reaction of nuclear fusion. Hydrogen is fused into Helium & other lighter elements sending temperatures to 1000’s of degrees Kelvin. At the same time, all across the disc, pockets of gas are condensing into smaller non-fusion cores. These smaller planetessimals are made up of heavier elements suspended in the planetary disc. The debris drifts about, colliding, merging, collecting until it has formed a set of bodies which perpetually orbit the solar sphere. Comets SYSTEM SCHEMATIC •Hydrogen Cloud (sphere) •Ort Cloud (sphere) •Solar Halo (sphere) •Planetary disc (plane) •Solar Center •Kuiper Belt (near plane) Inner Planets Habitable Zone Outer Planets *Kuiper Belt Planetary Orbital Plane Solar Rotational Axis *Kuiper Belt orbits diverge from planetary disc THE PLANETARY PLANE From The Planetary Disc The entire solar system is made from a permutation of the 88 natural elements of the periodic table. Inner Planets (Rocky Geomorphic) Venus This includes the basic building blocks of known life: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous In addition, water (H2O) is abundant throughout the system, although its existence in liquid form is restricted to suitable temperatures. Mars Earth 2 moons 1 moon Comet Mercury Asteroid Belt (Between Mars & Jupiter) Jupiter Rings 63 moons Saturn Rings 48 moons Outer Planets Neptune Rings 13 moons Uranus Rings 27 moons (Gas Giants) Kuiper Belt Pluto 2 moons Askew of Planetary plane Quaoar Sedna Xena A typical planet will build through condensing and sedimentation of layers of various materials. UV & Solar rays Solid Iron (Fe), High heat. High pressure Lithosphere, “Crust”, Solid Plastic, or Liquid (depending upon size of The planet) Heavy gases, Gas compounds “Out gases” emitted by condensing planetary sphereNXn SXn CXn Out gasing, volcanic Liquid Iron (Fe), High heat, High pressure Light gases H2, He … Non-Hydrogen, Plastic-Liquid, “rock-metal” Elements & compounds Planet formation is not uniform, but it is predictable. In our solar system there are two major groups of planets… INNER PLANETS Closer to the Sun are warmer and will lose the lighter H2 and He gases Out Gasing OUTER PLANETS Further from Sun are cooler and will retain lighter gases of H2 and He. Planet Formation H2 Escapes from heat of sun leaving behind heavier gases, such as O2, N2, CO(n) and NO(n)… Out Gasing Remaining H2 reacts with heavier out gases forming an atmosphere of CH(n), NH(3) & H2O… DESIGNATE PLANETS OF SOL SYSTEM Name Mass Diameter 0.06 0.86 1.00 0.11 4,878 12,104 12,755 6,790 Atmosphere I N N E R Mercury Venus Earth Mars He CO2 N2, O2 CO2 O U T E R Jupiter 318 142,796 H, He Saturn 95 120,660 H, He Uranus 14.5 51,118 H, He Neptune 17.2 49,520 H, He * Pluto, Quaoar, Sedna, & Xena are consider part of the Kuiper Ice belt… Feature Caloris basin Maxw Mont’s Liquid H2O Olym Mons Red Storm (s) Rings 98 Axial Tilt Dark Storm Planet 1 Planet 2 INNER PLANETS Planet 3 Alien Moon OUTER PLANET All three planets and the moon have Iron cores, And surrounding spherical layers of H2, He, N2, O2, CO, CO2, plus other gases. As the cores condense, they out gas additional N2, O2, CO, CO2 plus other gases. (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 Alien Moon INNER PLANETS OUTER PLANET The planetary cores continue to expel N2, O2, CO, CO2 plus other gases. The O2 combines with H2 to form water (H2O and ionized OH). The heat and gravity of the sun cause the inner planets to lose their free floating H2 and He. The planetary cores continue to expel N2, O2, CO, CO2 plus other gases. The O2 combines with H2 to form water (H2O and ionized OH). However, the heat and gravity of the sun of the outer planets is not enough free the H2 and He. They remain in the atmosphere. (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 INNER PLANETS Planet 1 is closest to the solar center. It’s heat is such that water cannot remain in liquid form. In addition, OH ions float free from the planet’s atmosphere breaking the chain that leads to water. N2, O2, CO, CO2 continue to accumulate. N2 & O2 react to form NO(n). Greenhouse gases predominate in the form of CO2, while the other gases continue to deplete into space or onto the surface. Alien Moon OUTER PLANET (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 INNER PLANETS Planet three is the furthest of the inner planets from the solar center. However, its density is much less than Planets 1 or 2. Again, H2 & He and OH are lost. Liquid water forms initially, but cannot be sustained in the atmosphere. CO, CO2 become the dominant gases. Alien Moon OUTER PLANET (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 INNER PLANETS Planet 2 is between planets 1 & 3. Like the other two it continues to out gas N2, O2, CO, and CO2 plus other gases. Like Planet 3, the H2 and O2 form water. Planet 2 is more dense than Planet 3 and it retains the OH ions. In addition, unlike the warmer Planet 1, Planet 2’s water can remain in a liquid state. Liquid H2O combines with CO & CO2 leaving N2 and O2 to dominate. Alien Moon OUTER PLANET (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 INNER PLANETS Planet 3 Alien Moon OUTER PLANET Like the three inner planets, the outer Alien Moon expels N2, O2, CO, CO2 and other gases. However, it is too cold and too far from the solar center to free the H2 & He. Instead, alternative gases of CH4, NH3, H2O and others are formed. UV rays from the solar center merge the gases into heavy organic chemical deposits (called Tholins), which precipitate to the surface. N2 becomes the dominant gas in the atmosphere. (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 INNER PLANETS All four planetary bodies have the potential to bear life as we have witnessed it on earth. Planets 1, 3 and the Alien Moon could bear Anaerobic life. For life on these planets, high concentrations of O2 would be toxic. In addition, the lack of liquid H2O prevents a sustained hydrologic cycle. Photosynthesis is minimal if at all. Complex aerobic ecosystems cannot evolve. Alien Moon OUTER PLANET (Moon) Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 INNER PLANETS The chemical evolution on a planet, which brings about the atmosphere is highly dependent upon the proximity of the solar center with its heat and gravitational pull. These two factors govern how much H2 of the original planetary disc remains in the planet body’s immediate surroundings, and in what state of water can be sustained. The composition of the atmosphere and the presence of a hydrologic cycle with liquid water permits aerobic respiration and complex aerobic biospheres. Alien Moon OUTER PLANET (Moon) TWO BASIC ECOSYSTEMS An aerobic ecosystem like that of earth… A theoretical hydrogen based Anaerobic ecosystem… Decomposers Decomposers Consumers Consumers Producers UV + CO2 + H2O = C6 H12 O6 + O2 C6 H12 O6 + O2 = Energy + CO2 + H2O UV + CH3 = C2 H2 C2 H2 + H2 = Energy + CH3 Where C6 H12 O6 is synthesized by photosynthetic plants which are then consumed by other life. Where C2 H2 is synthesized in the atmosphere and precipitates out of the atmosphere as Tholin Planet 1 Planet 2 Planet 3 INNER PLANETS Planet 2 on the other hand has liquid H2O and can produce aerobic respiration. Aerobic life can survive. In addition, the presence of liquid H2O, a Hydrologic cycle, with CO2 gas with solar UV, permits the synthesis of sugars. Photosynthesis replaces the O2 used in respiration. A sustainable ecosystem of producers and consumers can evolve. Alien Moon OUTER PLANET (Moon) IN SUMMARY PLANETARY FORMATION •Nebula condenses forming Protoplanetary Disc •Protoplanetary Disc has fusionable core •Temperature & Gravitational fluctuations in the disc form perturbations •Disc Perturbations condense into nonfusionable cores •Nonfusionable cores draw disc gases •The gases condense around the core •Planetessimals form •Planetessimals come together via gravity •Planetessimals aggregate into larger units including •Asteroids, planetoids & Planetary Discs •Planetary Discs accrete into planets with rings & moons •The Discs condense into Geomorphs and Gas Giants NUCLEAR EVOLUTION Fragments (dark matter?) Subatomic particles Atoms THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES OF MATTER ENERGY REDUCES CHEMICAL EVOLUTION Elements Molecules Molecular Compounds Inorganic Organic Prions Proteins Nucleic Acids Replication Metabolism EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS Holons spreading to Heterarchies transcending to Hierarchies Evolving to Higher Hierarchies BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Proto-living (a.k.a. replicating proteins, viruses) Achaeans Prokaryotes Eukaryotes ORGANIZATION INCREASES THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES OF ENERGY Critical Points Energy (dark energy?) Fragments Vibrations Energy-Thermodynamics Nuclear Forces Strong Weak Molecular Forces Ion charge Heat—Pressure Physical State Gravitational Forces Gravity Centripetal Self-Organization A PLANET IS BORN AND BEGINS ITS OWN DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE CONTINUING, OFTEN VIOLENT, DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, THE GALAXY AND THE COSMOS.