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World History • Chapter Three • India & China • (3000 B.C. – A.D. 500) Objectives • 1. Explain how geography influenced the development in India & China 2. Identify characteristics of these civilizations Objectives • 3. Explain political & social structures in these countries 4. Describe the role of religion 5. List the contributions of each civilization Section One: Early Civilization in India I. The Land of India • Indian subcontinent, located along the southern edge of Asia, shaped like a triangle • Composed of mountain ranges, river valleys, a dry interior plateau & fertile coastal plains The Land of India • Himalaya, the highest mountains in the world • Ganges River, located on a rich valley, one of the chief regions of Indian culture • Deccan, a hilly & dry plateau that extends from the Ganges Valley to the southern tip of India The Land of India • Monsoon – a seasonal wind pattern in Southern Asia the blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, & cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter (p.72) • Farmers depend on the rains to grow crops II. India’s First Civilization • Between 3000 B.C. & 1500 B.C. • More than a thousand settlements in this region • Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro A. Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro • Planned cities • Constructed of mud bricks baked in ovens & were square • Advanced drainage system • Well organized government B. Rulers & the Economy • Divine assistance • Religion & political power closely linked • Economy based on farming Rulers & the Economy • Trade with city-states in Mesopotamia • Trade was carried by ship via the Persian Gulf III. The Arrival of the Aryans • Floods, earthquakes & climate change weakened the civilization • Arrival of the Aryans brought it to an end A. Who Were the Aryans? • Around 1500 B.C. • Aryans, A group of Indo-European nomadic peoples, who came out of central Asia • moved across the Hindu Kush mountain range • Created a new Indian society based on Aryan culture & institutions B. Aryan Ways of Life • Pastoral people, with a strong warrior tradition • Became farmers, using the iron plow & irrigation • Developed irrigation systems Aryan Ways of Life • Had no written language • Sanskrit - the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C. (p.74) • Wrote down religious rituals, legends & chants Sanskrit Aryan Ways of Life • Rajas - An Aryan leader or prince (p.74) • Carved out small states & fought one another IV. Society in Ancient India • Set of social institutions & class divisions A. The Caste System • Aryans social institutions & class divisions • Caste system – a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person’s occupation & economic potential as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color (p.75) The Caste System • Caste – on of the five major divisions of Indian classes in ancient times • 1. Brahmans, priest class • 2. Kshatriyas, warriors The Caste System • 3. Vaisyas, commoners • 4. Sudras, peasants (darkerskinned natives) • 5. Untouchables, trash collector & morticians (5%) of population The Caste System http://www.krishna.org/images/Gita/plate42.jpg B. The Family in Ancient India • Basic unit of Indian society • Extended family • Patriarchal The Family in Ancient India • Ritual of suttee • Required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s flaming funeral pyre V. Hinduism • Hinduism – the major Indian religion system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled in India after 1500 B.C. (p.77) • Vedas, collection of hymns & religious ceremonies Hinduism • Brahman, a form of ultimate reality or God • Individual self, or atman • Reincarnation – the rebirth of an individual’s soul in a different form after death (p.77) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aperfectworld.org/cartoons/rein carnation.png&imgrefurl=http://www.aperfectworld.org/10203.htm&h=495&w=500 &sz=92&tbnid=1DYlvIx3vCoJ:&tbnh=125&tbnw=126&start=1&prev=/images%3F q%3DReincarnation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG Hinduism • After many existences the soul may unite with Brahman • Final goal is a union with Brahman http://jyotisha.00it.com/samsara.gif Hinduism • Karma – in Hinduism, the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life (p.77) if they are reborn as a person Hinduism • Dharma – in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma, it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society (p.77) • Duties vary with one’s caste Hinduism • Justified the upper class & gave hope to the poor • Yoga – a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with God (p.77) Hinduism • More than 33,000 deities • Brahma the creator • Vishnu the Preserver • Siva the Destroyer http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jain.8k.com/image/hinduism.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.jain.8k.com/hindui sm.html&h=250&w=251&sz=26&tbnid=v8QBSPNLnLUJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=105&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHinduism %26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG VI. Buddhism • Buddhism – a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the Sixth century B.C. by Siddartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One” (p.78) • Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism Confucius Buddha A. The Story of the Buddha • Witnessed death, disease & old age • Ascetic – a person who practices self-denial to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality (p.78) • Abusing his body, did not bring enlightenment B. The Basic Principles of Buddhism • The pain, poverty & sorrow that afflict human beings are caused by their attachment to things of this world • The physical realm is illusion • Desire’s attachments cause suffering The Basic Principles of Buddhism • Nirvana – in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self & a reunion with the Great World Soul (p.78) Four Noble Truths • 1. Ordinary life is full of suffering • 2. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves • 3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals & to see others as extensions of ourselves • 4. The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path The Eightfold Path • 1. Right • 2. Right • 3. Right • 4. Right • 5. Right • 6. Right • 7. Right • 8. Right View intention Speech action livelihood effort Mindfulness concentration