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Part II: Global Interactions & the First Global Age 1200-1650 • • • • • • Early Japan and feudalism The Mongols and their impact Global trade and interactions African Civilizations Mesoamerican Civilizations The Ming Dynasty in China Early Japan and Feudalism • The island nation was influenced by Korean and Japan • Japan had been ruled by an emperor since about 500 AD • Feudalism developed in the 1100s as a result of fighting between rival warlords Early Japan & Feudalism • Geography: a mountainous archipelago vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanoes – Effects of geography: sea food and transportation, isolation, protection from invasion Early Japan • Shintoism – worship of the spirits found in all living and nonliving things, which were thought to control the power of nature • Influence from China & Korea: contact resulted from warfare and trade – – – – System of writing adopted and adapted Buddhism Confucianism Customs such as the tea ceremony, music, dancing, garden design, architecture Early Japan • Feudalism: developed as central authority of the emperor declined – Shoguns – top military commanders who set up dynasties called shogunates – Diamyo – the European equivalent to a vassal, they received their land from the shogun in exchange for a promise to support him with their armies – Samurai – Equivalent to a knight, this warrior class lived by the bushido code and pledged loyalty to the daimyo in exchange for land – Peasants and artisans – Merchants – Status of women declined Early Japan • Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1903 – Created a strong centralized feudal government – Ruled over a period of economic prosperity – Hostile to foreigners, they banned all western merchants and Japanese travel abroad • Led to a long period of isolation – Cultural advances – kabuki theater, haiku The Mongols • Swept out of central Asia around 1200 • Known as fierce fighters, they conquered a huge empire from China to Persia • Rulers provided peace, prosperity, and stability in conquered lands • Big names – Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan • Biggest regents topic: THEY ISOLATED RUSSIA FROM WESTERN EUROPE FOR OVER 200 YEARS • Declined because of poor leaders, huge and diverse empire, resentment of conquered people The Mongol Empire Global trade & interaction • Chinese traded along the Silk Road to Russia and beyond in the 1200s • Zheng He – Chinese seaman, explored coast of India, East Africa, Arabian peninsula in 1400s • Chinese felt others were barbarians and had nothing to offer, so exploration was ended The Silk Road Global trade & interaction • European trade with the east was sparked by contacts made during the Crusades • Italian city states used their geographical advantage and traded extensively with the east and west African Civilizations 800-1600s • Geography led to many diverse societies • West African kingdoms traded with Arab traders, which led to cultural diffusion – Sahara – Savanna (grassy plains) – Rain Forests • Major kingdoms – Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Benin in the west – Axum in the east Africa • Traditional life – Families were generally extended, not nuclear – Religion – animism, ancestor worship Mesoamerican Civilizations • Early people likely crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and migrated south • The Olmecs – 1400 – 500 BC – centered along the Gulf coast of Mexico, invented a calendar, writing system The Mayas • Located in southern Mexico and much of Central America • Excellent farmers • Priests held high place in social structure • Built great pyramid temples and large palaces • Developed a pictograph writing system • Calendar, books, numbering system with zero • Reason for decline is not known for certain The Aztecs • Located in the central Mexico, they were known as fierce warriors • Ruled by a single emperor, with nobles, warriors, traders, farmers, and slaves under his control • Religion – Human sacrifices • Contributions: – Accurate calendar, schools, medical advances, floating capital city of Tenochtitlan, floating gardens • Conquered by Cortez and a few soldiers The Incas • Located in the Andes Mountains, they used terrace farming • No written language, but used quipus, a system of knotted strings to record info • Extensive road system linked the empire with a strong central government • Created a calendar, excelled in medicine • Defeated by Pizarro The Ming Dynasty • • • • • Established in mid 1300s and overthrew Mongols Fostered economic and cultural revival Reinstated the civil service system Sponsored Zheng He and exploration New crops from the Americas were introduced, improving agricultural output • Excelled in the arts – landscape painting, porcelain, silk • Saw little reason to deal with outsiders • Influenced cultures in Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia What happened in Europe? • Trade and cultural diffusion from the Crusades, deaths from the bubonic plague in the 1300s, declining feudalism and the growing power of monarchs sparked major changes – – – – Renaissance Commercial Revolution Age of Exploration Reformation What came next? • Age of Absolutism in Europe • Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment • Political Revolutions – The American Revolution – 1776 – The French Revolution – 1789 – Latin American Independence Movements – Late 1700s Latin American independence • Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the US to Latin America • Key people – Toussaint L’Ouverture – Led independence movement in Haiti in 1798 – Simon Bolivar – Known as The Liberator, he led movements that won independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Boliva, Argentina, and Chile Part III: Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliances • Nationalism: – What is it? – How could it lead to revolutions? – What would be the likely outcome of nationalism? The Birth of Nationalism • Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 – Met after Napoleon’s defeat – Led by Austrian Clemons von Metternich – Redrew boundaries of Europe, restored traditional monarchies, created a balance of power – Turned back the clock • Ignored feelings of nationalism and oppressed all movements that threatened the status quo The Metternich Era 1815-1848 • Revolutions occurred throughout Europe and were crushed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia Latin American revolutions • Inspired by the American and French revolutions and a weakened France, leaders in Latin America began rebelling for independence • New governments there were run by military dictators The Industrial Revolution (1750) • Coincided with the French Revolution • An outgrowth of the domestic system • Began in England, which had the resources, capital, and work force for the new industries • FACTORY SYSTEM • New technology – new power source – STEAM Economic theories of the Industrial Revolution • Laissez-faire – leave it alone – Adam Smith, father of capitalism • In the mid-1800s, Karl Marx will write the Communist Manifesto and describe his theory of communism Impact of the Industrial Rev. • Horrendous working conditions at first for men, women, children • Urbanization led to poor living conditions • Exploitation of workers • Increased the need for raw materials and markets and led to competition between nations & imperialism of weaker lands Unification of Italy - 1861 • Led by three men: – Garibaldi – the sword – Mazzini – the soul – Cavour – the brains • He used shrewd diplomacy to gain support for the unification and his king’s leadership of the new nation (King Victor Emmanuel) Unification of Germany - 1871 • Led by Prussia’s chancellor Otto von Bismarck, a strong willed Machiavellian – – – – Blood and Iron Realpolitik Waged war with Denmark, Austria, France Crushed France in the Franco-Prussian War • Tricked France into attacking after editing the Ems Telegram • Forced France’s submission at the Palace of Versailles – adding insult to injury. • A master of diplomacy, Bismarck nearly singlehandedly orchestrated the unification of the German states under Prussian rule. Nationalism as a divisive weapon • The Balkan peninsula was considered the powder keg of Europe because of the nationalist tensions there • Ruled by the Ottoman empire, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria all gained independence between 1829 and 1908 • Austria-Hungary, Britain, and France all intervened to gain territory from the weakening Ottoman Empire Nationalism as a destructive factor • Tensions on the peninsula will ultimately lead to the outbreak of World War I New Imperialism • Causes – – – – – Raw materials and markets for goods National pride Social Darwinism Superior technology Geopolitics British imperialism • Controlled India – Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 • Southeast Asia • Egypt (Suez Canal) • Africa Effects of Imperialism Pros Built hospitals, schools, roads, railroads, telegraph (done for European benefit, not necessarily native populations) Cons No respect for traditions Natives treated as 2nd class people, inferiors Ethnic boundaries ignored, especially in Africa Exploitation of resources Reliance on cash crops Scramble for Africa • 1880s – Europeans began a quest to colonize the continent • 1884 – Berlin Conference – Europeans agree to divide it amicably (no Africans are invited!) China • A giant market for European goods, but resistant to open markets • 1840s – Opium Wars – Britain forced China to open more ports and got Hong Kong • Boxer Rebellion – 1899 – nationalist rebellion against foreigners in China, but crushed Japan • Tokugawa had banned foreigners and isolated Japan from 1600-1868 • Matthew Perry – 1853 – opened Japan to foreign powers • Meiji Restoration – (1867-) modernized Japan by copying the western advances – Realized the necessity of modernizing or face exploitation as China had experienced Latin American independence • Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the US to Latin America • Key people – Toussaint L’Ouverture – Led independence movement in Haiti in 1798 – Simon Bolivar – Known as The Liberator, he led movements that won independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Boliva, Argentina, and Chile NIMA – Causes of WWI • • • • Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances WWI • The spark was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 • The Alliance system kicked in and the world was suddenly at war. WWI 1914-1919 • Welcomed at first as a way to clear the air of tensions, but soon found to be a hellish endeavor • New weapons made the fighting more deadly than ever imagined – Machine gun, poison gas, tanks, land mines, submarines, planes – Trench warfare – western front between France and Germany was the bloodiest Russia in WWI • Only 1 in 3 soldiers actually had guns with bullets – not a good thing • Popular support at home was extremely low as the people wanted land, peace, and bread • 1917 – Russian Revolution let to Russia’s withdrawal from the war and the establishment of the world’s first communist government Russian Revolution • Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, the new government pulled out of the war by giving up vast territory in the west • A civil war in Russia followed this period as noncommunists tried to overtake the communists, but they failed • Czar Nicholas II and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks in an effort to forever cut the royal lineage Treaty of Versailles - 1919 • The major treaty ending World War I • Extremely harsh terms imposed on the Germans, which ultimately led to WWII • US Pres. Woodrow Wilson proposed the 14 Points as guiding principles for peace, but they were rejected as Britain and France pushed for more harsh penalties Treaty of Versailles • League of Nations was created but the US did not join due to growing sentiment of isolationism in the country – It had no way to enforce anything and was not successful in influencing much The Rise of Dictators • People suffered from the shell shock of the horrors of the war • Desperate times called for desperate measures – Stalin in USSR – Mussolini in Italy – Hitler in Germany Stalin in USSR • • • • Man of Steel Collectivized agriculture Five year plans for industry Great purges of enemies in the communist party • One-party Communist state Economic depression • Hit its peak in 1929 with the crash of the US stock market • Resulted in high inflation and unemployment Mussolini - Italy • A fascist – Political ideology of extreme nationalism, militarism, anti-communist, supports private ownership of property, domination of the weak by the strong, and a single powerful leader – Popular in Italy in reaction to the communism in Russia, which was seen as a threat to the middle and upper classes Hitler - Germany • Nazi Germany became a single party fascist state • Secret police – the gestapo • Censorship • Persecution of Jews • Public indoctrination of Nazi thought • Hitler rose to power legally The Road to WWII • Hitler repeatedly violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, but was appeased each time (British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was Mr. Appeasement) • 1936 Spanish Civil War provided a testing ground for Hitler and Mussolini’s new weapons as they support the fascist leader Franco Picasso’s Guernica World War II • September 1, 1939 – Hitler invaded Poland, the final straw in his pre-war actions – Phony War – Hitler had a quick victory in Poland with his blitzkrieg attack, and little happened again until spring • By spring, Hitler was on the move again and Britain and France were mobilized against him Nazi-Soviet Pact • Hitler made an agreement with Stalin in order to avoid a two-front war – Stalin was ticked at the west for not including him in the post-WWI treaty process – Non-aggression pact • Hitler broke the agreement and attacked in 1943, resulting in a two-front war for Germany War in the Pacific • Japan’s imperialist expansion in Asia launched war there • Dec. 7, 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor brought US into the war • US used an island hopping campaign in the Pacific against the Japanese Major events of WWII • D-day – June 1944 – Allies invaded France and forced German surrender in May 1945 • Atomic bombing of Japan – August 1945 – brought the war in the Pacific to an end and ushered in the atomic age • The Holocaust – genocide of Jews by Nazis in Europe – Nuremberg Trials – convicted Nazi war criminals Post-WWII • US occupation of Japan as it was demilitarized • United Nations established • Imperial holdings in Africa, India, Middle East, SE Asia were lost to national determination Post-WWII • Marshal Plan – rejected by the USSR, it provided US money to rebuild Europe • Truman Doctrine – US would help anyone resisting a communist takeover • Origins of the Cold War • NATO – US & Western European alliance • Warsaw Pact – USSR & Eastern European alliance Communism in China • Mao Zedong led a communist revolution and drove Chiang Kaishek and his nationalists to Taiwan • Mao – – – – Strict cultural controls Little Red Book One child policy Great Leap Forward (5 year plans) Hot Spots of the Cold War • • • • Berlin Wall and airlift during the blockade Cuban missile crisis Vietnam War Korean War Collapse of Communism • Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the USSR and took reform actions – Perestroika – a restructuring of the economy that allowed aspects of capitalism – Glasnost – a policy of openness in the press, speech, etc. • Nationalist demands grew in the hugely diverse country Collapse of Communism • 1991 – hardliner communists overthrew Gorbachev and tried to reinstate a communist government there, but were rejected by the people • The Communist party was outlawed & the USSR dissolved into several separate states that would later form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Europe Today • The EU (European Union) – single currency (Euro), relaxed trade and travel barriers between member countries, designed to create greater economic opportunities for members Modern Problems Problem Place Cause Effect Proposed solution Deforestation Latin America Africa Rain forests Slash and burn agriculture is being undertaken to create farmland Endangerment of unidentified plants and animals with incredible livesaving potential - Depletion of a crucial source of Oxygen Replant areas Alternative fertilizers Education about the waste there Sale of valuable woods Modern Problems Problem Place Cause Effect Proposed solution Urbanization Latin America People are leaving the countryside in search of job in the cities Overcrowding, poor housing and sanitation, pollution, general strain on limited resources Create jobs in the suburbs and countryside Establishing better housing codes Carpool Modern Problems Problem Place Cause Human Rights China – Who knows? violations 1 child policy Pakistan – child sex abuse Africa – women Afghanis tan – Taliban Effect Proposed solution Forced abortions in China and abandonment of unwanted children International economic sanctions against offending nations Death of women in Africa & Afghanistan Reward compliance Modern Problems Problem Place Cause Effect Proposed solution Deforestation Latin America Africa Rain forests Slash and burn agriculture is being undertaken to create farmland Endangerment of unidentified plants and animals with incredible livesaving potential - Depletion of a crucial source of Oxygen Replant areas Alternative fertilizers Education about the waste there Sale of valuable woods Modern Problems Problem Place Cause Effect Overpopulation Latin America Resistance to birth control due to strong Catholic faith Scarcity of jobs, Education on strain on natural other birth resources, control methods housing shortages, unemployment, etc. Malnutrition Poor soil, overpopulation, political upheaval, etc. Low life expectancy, government corruption & turmoil, high infant death, disease, etc. Africa Proposed solution Education about better farming methods, more resistant crops, population control, international aid programs Modern Problems Problem Place Cause Effect Proposed solution Nuclear proliferation Iran, North Korea Nations want nukes so they will be powerful and/or equal to their neighbors, friends, enemies Increases the possibility of a cataclysmic event and annihilation Economic sanctions Negotiations Reward compliance Military intervention Other modern problems • • • • • • Spread of infectious disease International terrorism Poverty Global warming Desertification AP Euro exams