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Geography:
o Physical Geography- review continents & oceans
o Human-Environment Interaction- how humans Use, Modify and Adapt to their
Environment
Culture
o Aspects of culture- Religion/values, knowledge, innovation, social structure,
expressions (art, literature, music), holidays/traditions, food, dress, homes, etc… and
Impact of culture on society- unites, divides, influences
History
o Primary/Secondary Sources and perspective/bias
Government
o Why is government needed? (citizens, laws, protection, order)
o What types of government have existed throughout history? (monarchy, theocracy,
oligarchy, democracy, republic, anarchy)
Economics
o Basic concepts
o Economic systems- (capitalism, socialism, communism, market economy, command
economy, mixed economy, traditional economy)
Economic Opportunity created by the Black Death & Fall of Constantinople
Commoners gain more independence as feudalism weakens
Opening of new trade routes & closing of old ones
Need for banking
Medici family
one example of power from wealth
used wealth to be a patron of the arts
Arts Florish
Sponsored by wealthy patrons
Main artists/works
• DaVinci, Michaelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, Divine Comedy
Renaissance spreads from Italy
• Shakespeare
Thoughts shift
Changes in thought create changes in art which creates more changes in thought
Movement from sacred to secular
Humanism
Shift from divine right to “power at any cost”
Machiavelli’s “The Prince”
• Justifies the power of wealthy families like the Medici
Shift from Latin to the local vernacular
Technology spreads the new thoughts
Gutenberg and the Printing Press
People now have access to, and can read/understand, literature & Bible
Importance of education increases along with increase in individual understanding
People begin to question power and the status quo
Martin Luther & 95 Theses
• Exposure of church corruption of power
♦ Indulgences, purchasing of church offices, relics, etc.
Power Shifts
Lutheranism
Calvinism
John Calvin
Pope
Princes
Individuals still not choosing religion yet- princes control religion for their lands
Establishment of powerful hereditary monarchs (Spain, England, France)
Struggle to be most powerful monarch
Motivations for Exploration- (God, gold & glory)
Who were the power players?
Spanish, Portuguese, British, Dutch and French
Desire for new trade routes
Power and Control
Portuguese: East – Coast of Africa and India (de Gama & Prince Henry)
• Sea route to Asia that avoids the Ottoman Empire
Spanish: Finance Columbus – opposite direction of Portuguese
• WHO CAN GET THERE FIRST?
British: Sir Francis Drake - plunder Spanish ships
Spread of Christianity
Effects of Global Interaction
Conquest of land
Built mines and plantations
Enslaved native people to work mines & plantations
Columbian Exchange- 1
st Global Age
Goods, ideas, animals & diseases traveled between Europe, Africa and Americas
Impacts of spread of diseases (smallpox)
Death of Native Americans = need for labor force
Triangle Trade
slaves from Africa
Exploration and slave trade increased innovation in transportation
Benefits of mission efforts
Colonization of Africa & Americas
Encomienda, Ethnocentric attitude, racism
Effects of competition on relationships among nations
Treaty of Tordesillas – avoids war
Still in the Renaissance time period - focus in on Scientific Revolution
Renaissance paves the way for the Scientific Revolution
New ideas challenge established knowledge
• Catholic Church supported Ptolemy’s theory of Earth as center of Universe
• Copernicus: Heliocentric (Sun centered), was a monk- doesn’t publish while he is alive
• Kepler expands/proves further elliptical orbits/atomic theory
• Galileo – telescope developed to provide more observations to prove previous
heliocentric theory
• Sir Isaac Newton: laws of gravity, gravitation theory published
o Church of England more accepting of new ideas than Catholic Church
Society’s response to new theories
o Galileo’s ideas challenge the beliefs of the Catholic Church, trial, recants his
observations out of fear of excommunication from church
o Church of England more tolerant of new ideas (Newton) – shows a decrease in the
power of the church over public
New scientific theories opens the door for other new ideas and philosophies
Sir Francis Bacon – Scientific Method
• Sparks application of REASON to social problems
Enlightenment Thinkers
• Hobbes: supporter of absolute monarchy- people can’t make wise choices {social
contract opposite}
• Locke: Natural rights – life, liberty and property; support revolution IF government fails
to protect individual rights and religious freedom.
• Rousseau: Social Contract: people are good - their society makes them bad, general will:
government should reflect desires/ideas of its people.
• Montesquieu: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers (limits on power)
Creates an environment/mind set open to challenging governments REVOLUTIONS
Political Revolutions – Time for Change
American Revolution:
• Taxation without Representation
• Declaration of Independence
• Bill of Rights & Constitution
• Montesquieu & Separation of Powers compare his ideas to their application
French Revolution:
• 3 Estates & Unfair Taxation/Representation
• Estates General, Tennis Court Oath & the role of middle class, Reign of Terror
• Idea of citizen is created
• Revolution against the monarchy – Napoleon reverts back to dictatorship.
• Intended/Unintended Consequences Social Effects on Common Man
Latin American Revolutions:
• Inspired by American Revolution
• Haiti – Toussant L’Overture
• Columbia/Venezuela – Simon Bolivar
• Effects- kick out colonial powers & prevent future colonization by Europe
While French and others were rebelling, the English who had already experienced the English
Revolution, were experiencing urban growth and industrialization due to their Agricultural
Revolution (better farming methods less need for farmers)
Cottage Industries
Industrialization: Britain is the model
Needs: Land, labor force, natural resources (raw materials), capital, energy/power, markets
• Due to Exploration, British have access to these things.
Inventions
• Spinning Jenny: speeds production demand for cotton demand for slaves
• Steam Engine: used in locomotives, ships, and pumps for water out of mines.
• Bessemer Process: industrial process to mass produce steel using iron led to expansion
of railroads and helped connect more people
♦ Speeds up trade process
Factory System
Built close to and powered by water
Pull factor for people to move into cities.
Unskilled labor used -- need for skilled laborers
Use of child labor
Poor working conditions
ECONOMIC CONFLICT
Capitalism
Profit Making without Profit Sharing
Greed
Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire economics
• Government should stay out of the economy
Urbanization
Growth of the Middle Class and working class
Environmental Consequences/results of # of factories & in # of people living in cities –
housing and family issues
Conflict led to improved conditions
Quality of Life: factory owners, middle class, working class
Society’s Response
Middle class wants right to vote
Working class wants better working conditions, labor rights/protection, and better
pay/shorter hours
Fertile ground for new ideas
• Socialism/Marxism
• Communism
End with comparison between new ideas (socialism/communism) and capitalism
Captialism/Industrialization – leads to need for raw materials and markets to sell finished products
Shift from mercantilist presence in Africa, Asia and S. America to imperialistic presence
AFRICA:
Scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference,
• Consequences: Ethnocentric Decisions, Division of Maasai, Grouped Hutus and Tutsi
Economic Control: Shift from Subsistence to Cash Crop farming/ Plantations and Mines
**Shift from slave trade to exploitation of raw materials
• Starvation
• Imperial European country controlled market for raw materials
economic control
• Infrastructure and modernization efforts
Political Control: colonial governments replaced traditional political structures – loss of
power by tribal leaders
• Maasai (GB & Germany)
• S. Africa: Zulu, British and Dutch fighting – Boer Wars
Cultural Changes:
♦ Africa: Christianity Introduced, Language, Education (Ideas of Democracy introduced),
Healthcare – changes in family structure, Rise in Nationalism
♦ Europe/Western World: Racism, Social Darwinism, Cultural Diffusion from colonies,
ASIA:
British East India Company- mercantilistic presence, private enterprise, controls/runs
colony until Sepoy
Rebellion
British Military/Stronger presence
Political: Colonial Governors/Viceroys & some areas were allowed to remain under control
of local rajas – lower level officials and workers were natives
Economic: cash crops- cotton, indigo, tea and opium
• British corner on textile and salt markets
♦ Destroys Indian textile producers
♦ Starvation
♦ India’s industrialization goes backwards (industries)
♦ Increase in infrastructure
Cultural Changes:
♦ Asia: Language, Education (“Brown Englishman”), Disruption of traditional culture,
actually increased Indian national identity where before they had been very
disjointed and divided, Healthcare/Population growth
♦ Europe/Western World: (Same as Africa)
CHINA:
Middle Kingdom
closed to all foreign trade except in port of Canton
West desired
more access to trade
• British began to trade opium from India
Opium War
• China’s loss
creation of Spheres of Influence
♦ European countries & Japan gain rights to control areas and trade under their laws
Exploitation of resources & creation of markets
• Cultural: very little change occurred
SOUTH AMERICA:
Following Latin American Revolutions
Spain and Portugal leave but no big changes in
South American culture
• Still a big gap between rich and poor
• Made trade agreements with Great Britian and USA
Latin America remained agrarian
• US and GB depended on them for raw materials and would lose much if Latin America
industrialized
♦ Economic imperialism
Compare/Contrast 4 Examples of Imperialism
World War I:
Nationalism and Alliances in Europe
Competition for markets, trade, and growth of military as European powers needed to
protect their colonies, help to create the alliance system.
Alliance structure begins at Congress of Vienna to effort to preserve balance of power, no
more Napoleon
Unification of Italy and Germany creates an un-equal balance of power in Europe
Suspicions lead to the creation of defensive alliances
Triple Alliance & Triple Entente
Causes of World War I
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination **Spark
Trench Warfare & New Technologies used
American involvement
isolationism
trading supplies with GB
Zimmerman note
US in
War ends
Wilson suggests League of Nations to prevent from happening again
Treaty of Versailles: punishments, which set the stage for World War II.
This unit focuses on the years between the wars, and the causes and effects of WWII, from a global
perspective.
Treaty of Versailles does not create conditions for peace
o Failure of League of Nations
Economics of Europe: legacy of World War I
o Reparations required of Germany crushes their economy
o Extremely high inflation (in 1923, Germany saw it’s highest ever inflation rate of
56.9%)
o Global Depression
Totalitarianism
o Russia: Karanski/Lenin /Stalin–“communism” according to Lenin
During World War I political chaos and economic crisis- attempted to try
different government styles to fix problems – competition among styles
• Russian Revolution: Bolsheviks won promised to get Russia out of
World War I
o Peace short lived Lenin dies Stalin (Communism according
to Stalin)gains control sets stage for other fascist leaders to
gain power
o Italy: Fascist leader Benito Mussolini takes control – ultra nationalism, use of
propaganda to sway Italian peoples, use of military
o Germany: German people unhappy with Weimar Republic, Hitler appointed
chancellor following Nazi party’s victory in gaining majority of Reichstag and
Bundestrat – consolidated powers of Chancellor and President (Der Fuhrer) – people
accepted and went along with it because they wanted change and believed Hitler
could make Germany great again. Used propaganda to gain control and trust of
German peoples emotional appeal – extreme Nationalism scientific based &
amoral
o Japan: Hirohito, Imperialism in China Divine Right of Emperor
Road to War:
o Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles – takes Rhineland, Austria and Sudetenland
(appeasement) – desire to unite German speaking lands – ultra nationalism, created an
empire (3
rd Reich) – anti-Semitism grows in Germany and neighboring countries
o Nazi-Soviet anti-aggression pact: allows Hitler to take Poland
o Invasion of Poland (Sept 1939)
o Creation of Alliances Allied & Axis powers
WAR
o Non-aggression allows Hitler to move West Blitzkrieg all the way to Dunkirk
o Tries to take England, but fails – Radar and RAF prevent success, doesn’t ever cross
the English Channel
o Moves East and attack Russia Russian practice “scorched earth” tactic as they
retreat to Stalingrad – Hitler’s first major defeat – begins Hitler’s downfall
o Pearl Harbor Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, tactic to try to keep US occupied in
Pacific and out of European theatre US Enters War, begins containment of Japan
and commitment to help secure Europe
o D-Day Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy
o Island Hopping
o V-E Day
o Atomic Bomb – examine the effects of new technologies
o V-J Day
The Holocaust
o Soldiers “discovered” Concentration and death camps
Hitler’s ultra-nationalism targets any non-Aryan people and those with “nonnormal”
traits
• Nuremburg Laws – defines who is Jewish and strips Jews of
Citizenship, requires the wearing of the yellow Star of David
• Kristallnacht
• Movement of Jews into Ghettos
• Creation and Implementation of Concentration & Death camps
• Global Realization
Examine the effect the displacement of Jews into other areas had on the overall
outcome of World War II
“It can’t happen again” lesson…. BUT….
Creation of United Nations & Aftermath of War
o Skeleton of League of Nations becomes United Nations
o Reason/Purpose – to provide place for negotiations to avoid war
o 3 Big questions get answered:
How do we prevent global war?
What about Germany and Japan?
What about displaced people of Europe?
I. Questions Following WWII:
#1 What happens to Germany and Japan?
o Japan: US occupation –McArthur, democratic ideals in government, constitutional
monarchy, no war clause (Article 9), US rebuilds infrastructure and develops industry to
boost economic situation – military tribunal held to address war crimes
o Germany: 4 DMZ’s for Allied Powers, divide Berlin into East and West
o Nuremberg Trials for war crimes, international trial
#2 What about the displaced people of Europe (30 mil refugees)?
o Establishment of nation of Israel as homeland for Jews (effects of conflict)
Two-state solution – Palestine & Israel – two groups have rights to land, UN
Partition Plan
Refugee problem continues… new location
o US helped rebuild infrastructure to accommodate displaced Europeans
#3 What happens globally as a result of weakened European nations?
o India’s independence in 1947 – Gandhi, Pakistan/India division
o Southeast Asia – former colonies – Indochina
o Middle East – Trans-Jordan, new independent nations created and struggle for power,
decolonization (also applies in Africa)
o Africa – Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa (possible examples)
II. Cold War
o Post WWII – 2 major world superpowers US & allies (democratic) vs. Soviet Union
(communist) and nations they control
USA vs. Soviet Union
Capitalism (Market Economy) Communism (Command Economy)
Free Will Individual 2
nd
to State
Democratic Communist/Totalitarian
Freedom of religion, speech, press,
petition and assembly
No individual freedoms
o Competition spurs invention & FEAR- arms race & space race
o Attempts to avoid global war…
Political & Economic Plans designed to address issues
• Yalta Conference: Stalin, Church and Roosevelt Stalin agrees to hold
elections in Soviet controlled nations (but doesn’t), imposes communist
governments in these Eastern European Nations Iron Curtain – East
(Communist) vs. West (Democratic)
• World peace more likely when economies are stable and secure
o European recovery act “Marshall Plan” US no longer
isolationistic
• Truman Doctrine… US will support democracy
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
III. Cold War turns HOT
Korea: N=Communist, S=Democratic, we support South to ensure democracy nothing
changes
Cuban Missile Crisis: US has weapons in Turkey, Soviets feel they need weapons close to
USA – place them in Cuba – US says NO WAY, Cuba says OKAY, we threaten nuclear
action – Soviets back down & we pull weapons from Turkey
Vietnam: N = Communist, S= Democratic, we support the South to ensure democracy we
FAIL and leave – N takes over S, All of Vietnam then becomes communist
IV. Cold War mellows out Detente super powers are too tired to keep going
Economic problems in USSR weaken their ability to “keep up”
1980’s Negotiations to limit nuclear weapons begin to slow competition- SALT (Strategic
Arms Limitations Treaty)
1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall = end of Cold War; 1992 USSR officially disbanded
Effects of the Cold War:
Economic consequences in Russia
Casualties & damages of wars
Establishment of US as main superpower in the world
Newly independent nations- Eastern European countries w/ successes & struggles
The focus of this unit is for students to understand a globally inter-connected & technologically
driven, competitive world. Students will use the following topics to learn about the opportunities
and challenges the world faces and understand how and why conflict occurs in the 21
st
century.
Developing Nations: Developing nations are considered to be those whose economies are
based on agriculture and the export of natural resources. In this section, a comparison will be
made between developed and developing nations to investigate the gap between them.
Standard of living, quality of life, and the availability of resources, industry and technology will
all be issues that are examined in the comparison.
Health: More goods go more places today than at any point in history. More people travel
farther, more frequently, and come in contact with more people and goods, than at any point in
history. This increased movement of both goods and people increases opportunities for the
spread of disease around the world. These diseases have huge impacts on the societies
affected.
Environment: As the world became increasingly industrial, the need for resources increased
as well. Only 20% of the world’s population lives in developed nations, yet those nations use
~85% of the world’s non-energy resources and 70% of the energy resources. In addition to
this unequal distribution/utilization of resources, global industrialization has also had a large
impact on the environment of our planet.
Terrorism: There are many goals of terrorism- groups that want their own nations, those
who want to overthrow unjust governments, some who protest the actions of a group or nation,
and others who are seeking a public stage for their agenda or cause. This section will
investigate a sampling of these acts of terrorism and also the world’s response to them.
Questions about rights and responsibility surround some of those global responses to terror