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CST Review
People
World History
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The Rise of Democracy
Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution
The French Revolution and Napoleon
Industrialization
Imperialism
World War I
The Russian Revolution & the Rise of Totalitarianism
World War II
The Cold War
Modern Nations and the Middle East
CST Scoring System
Advanced
Proficient
Basic
Below Basic
Far Below Basic
Plato
•GREEK philosopher,
wrote “The Republic”,
World should be governed
by Philosopher Kings
PHILOSOPHER-KINGS
Aristotle
•GREEK philosopher,
Believed that the best
form of government
was to be run by elite
ruling class called the
ARISTOCRACY…
Aristocracy = Middle Class
Thomas Hobbes
• Social Contract
– People give up their
rights to a strong ruler.
• Government must have
absolute power (Leviathan)
• One that could impose
order, demand obedience.
Monarchs = Kings
John
Locke
• People MUST govern themselves.
• Governments MUST protect
natural rights, if government fails
to do so, citizens have the right to
overthrow it. (Revolution)
• Grandfather of America
– Influenced Jefferson & Madison
– Influenced Simon Bolivar
People Rule
Montesquieu
• Separation of Powers
– Would keep any individual
or group from gaining total
control of the government.
• Checks & Balances
– Each branch would have a
check on the other two.
• Basis of the US Constitution.
3 Branches Of Government
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Popular Sovereignty
• Direct Democracy- a
government freely formed
by the people and guided by
the “general will” of society.
• Legitimate government
comes from the consent of
the governed.
• All people were equal and
titles of nobility should be
abolished.
• Father of the French Revolution.
Voltaire
• Fought for tolerance,
reason, freedom of
religious belief, and
freedom of speech.
• Influenced the…
– US Bill of Rights
•1st Ten Amendments
Freedom of Speech, Religion
– French Declaration of the
Rights of Man & Citizens.
Cesare Bonesana
Beccaria
•Laws exist to preserve
social order, not to
avenge crimes.
•A person accused of a crime
should receive a speedy trial,
and that torture should
never be used.
Criminal Justice Reform
Mary
Wollstonecraft
• Vindication of the Rights of Women
• Women need education to
become virtuous and useful.
• Women should have the right
to participate in politics.
• Influenced women’s rights groups in
Europe and North America.
Women’s Rights
Thomas
Jefferson
• Free Speech, religious freedom,
and other civil liberties.
• “Governments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just
Powers from the Consent of the
Governed.”
• Author of the Declaration
of Independence 1776
Declaration of Independence
James
Madison
•Federal System- Power
is divided between federal
and state governments.
• 3 Branches of Government
• Father of the US Constitution.
Father of U.S. Constitution
Robespierre
• Leader of the Committee of
Public Safety in France
during the Reign of Terror
were we killed over 30,000
by guillotine for being
traitors to the revolution
Committee of Public Safety
Napoleon
•Conquered Europe
– Grand Empire & Army
•Napoleonic Code
– Equality For All
•French Nationalism
– Idea of The Nation-State
Napoleonic Code = Equality
Metternich
• Led Congress of Vienna
– After Napoleon’s Downfall
• Conservative (Pre-1789)
– Legitimacy (Royal Family)
– Balance of Power (Stability)
– Lasting Peace (40 Years)
• Believed In Traditional Monarchy
• Revolutions Must Be Crushed!!!
Congress of Vienna Leader
Simon
Bolivar
• Known As El Liberatador
– George Washington of LA
– Creole General of Armies
• Inspired by Enlightenment
– Revolted against Spain!
• Ideas of Jefferson & Locke
• Used British & American
Government Systems in LA
– Created the Republic of Venezuela.
Liberatador Of Latin America
Toussaint
•Father of the Haitian
Revolution of 1792-1802
• Was captured, arrested & died
before Haitian Independence
•Desallines completed the job
Father of Haiti
Bismarck
• Blood & Iron Speech
– Wars Make Nations
– Realpolitik (Realism)
• Germany Formed In 1871
– German Nationalism Begins
• Berlin Conference Leader
– African Scramble Begins
• Fired By Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Germany Super Power
Father of Germany
– Started WWI & WWII
William Blake & William Wordsworth
• Famous writers of the Romanticism Movement
where EMOTION and feelings were expressed
as well as a love and awe of nature (Carpe Diem)
William Blake
William Wordsworth
James Watt
•Steam Engine Inventor
– Propelled Steam Boats
– Train (Iron Horse)
– Railroads (IR Transportation)
•Allowed Factories To Move
Away From Rivers Inland!
Steam Engine Inventor
Eli Whitney
• Cotton Gin Inventor
– Increased the need for cotton
100x and the need for slaves to
work the plantations
• Textile Industry Impacted
– Factories Now In Demand!
Cotton Gin Inventor
Thomas
Edison
•Greatest IR Inventor
•Electric Light Bulb
•Factories Opened 24/7
•ELECTRICITY to power
the Industrial Age
Electric Light Bulb
Adam Smith
• Father of Capitalism
– Laissez Faire Economics
• Wealth of Nations 1776
• Free Market System
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Father of Capitalism
Profit Motive
Supply & Demand
Invisible Hand
Entreprenuers
Marx
• Father of Communism
• Communist Manifesto
• Anti-Capitalist Economist
• Government MUST Own
Factors of Production
• Profits Must Be Shared
– Private Property Forbidden
Father of Communism
Darwin
•Theory of Evolution
•Origin of Species
– “which says all species
evolved over time and
that the survival of the
fittest has taken place
(natural selection)
Father of Evolution
• Led To Racism & Imperialism
Louis
Pasteur
• Germ Theory
• Killing Bacteria By Heat
– Pasteurization
• Emphasized Cleanliness
• Sanitation Movement
Father of Germ Theory
– 1000s Lives Saved
– Lifespan Increased!
Henry
Bessemer
•The Bessemer Process
– Cheap Steel Making
• Inventor of the process that
made STEEL a cheap and
everyday resource to build the
machines and buildings of the
Industrial Age.
Father of Steel
Charles
Dickens
•REALISM Writer
– Horrors of Industrial
Society Were Revealed
– Wrote of The Ills of
Industrialized Society
•Oliver, Tale of Two Cities
– Many Reforms Followed
Father of Realism
Sun
Yat-sen
• I successfully led the Chinese
Revolution in 1911 and
ended the thousand year
dynasty system and led
China temporarily into a
Democracy with my three
Principles of the People
Father of Modern China
Kaiser
Wilhelm II
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Kaiser of Germany
– Fires Bismarck
– Militaristic Leader
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Started World War I
Wants to show all the world
Germany’s strength & gain
territory (Imperialism)
Started World War I
– Backed Austria in its war with Serbia
– Declares war on Russia & France
Czar
Nicholas II
• Last Czar of Russia
– Failed In Russo-Japan War
– 1905 Bloody Sunday
• Protected Serbia
– Mobilizes Troops to Border
– Declares war on Austria
• World War I Disaster
Last Czar of Russia
– Went to the Front Lines
– Abdicated in March 1917
– Executed in June 1918
Woodrow
Wilson
• United States President
– During WWI (Isolationism)
– Kept US out of WWI til 1917
• Enters the war to keep "the
world safe for democracy.“
• 14 Points Plan at Paris PC
Father of the 14 Points
– League of Nations
– Self Determination
– Peace w/out Victory
Father of Russian Communism
Lenin
•Led Russian Communism
– 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
– Sent By the Germans
– 1918 Treaty of Brest Litosvk
• Led Russian Civil War
– 1918-1921 Red Army Wins!
• 1921 Created Soviet Union
– NEP (New Economic Plan)
– Gulags Opened (Camps)
Stalin
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1927 Stalin Takes Power
5 Year Plans (Industry)
Collectivization (Farms)
Totalitarian Regime
– Big Brother Is Watching!
• Great Purges (Terror)
– Murdered over 30 million
– (Terror Famine Ukraine)
• WWII Leader
– Defeated Hitler
Father of Soviet Union
Lost
Generation
•Disillusionment
– Post WWI Reaction
– Progress Ruins Man
•Gertrude Stein, F.
Scott Fitzgerald &
Ernest Hemingway
1920s Writers Life Is Meaningless
Pablo
Picasso
• I am the leader of the Cubism
movement of 3D painting and
the artist of the famous antiwar painting Guernica
depicting Hitler’s bombing of
an innocent Spanish city
Father of Cubism
FDR
• Great Depression Leader
– New Deal Program
– Public Works Programs
• Elected 4 Times
• Atlantic Charter
– Agreement w/Churchill
• WWII President
Father of The New Deal
– Pearl Harbor Speech
– Yalta Conference
– Died April 12th, 1945
Mussolini
•Father of FASCISM
• 1922 Il Duce of Italy
• Hitler’s Role Model
• Pact of Steel (Axis)
• Aggression
– Invaded Ethiopia/Albania
• WWII Defeat
Father of Fascism
– Executed By People
Hitler
• Nazi Germany Leader
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1922 Mein Kampf
1933 Takes Power Legally
1936-1939 Lebensraum
Der Furher & 3rd Reich
Invades Poland In 1939
•WWII Begins
• Final Solution (War On Jews)
Father of Nazi Germany
– 6 Millions Jews Killed
Hirohito
•The Living Sun God
• East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
•Militarists Take Power
– Manchuria, Korea, China
– Rape of Nanking 1937
• Surrendered August 15th, 1945
– Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Emperor of Japan
Churchill
•British Prime Minister
– “Finest Hour”
•Battle of Britain
– “We Will Never Give Up”
•Defeat of Hitler
– Kept Britain FREE
•Iron Curtain Speech
The British Bulldog
Eisenhower
• Supreme Allied
Commander who led the
D-Day invasion on
June 6th, 1944 which led
to the defeat of Hitler’s
3rd Reich
D-Day Invasion
MacArthur
• Pacific Commander
– Island Hopping Strategy
• USS Missouri
– Surrender of Japan
• Japan’s Recovery
– Democratization
– Demilitarization
– Japan Constitution (#1)
• Korean War
– Pushed Back The North
– Fired By Truman
Gandhi
•Non Violence & Civil
Disobedience Strategy
– Known As Satyagraha
•Fastings & Salt March
•1947 Indian Independence
•1948 Assassination
Father of India
Mao
• Communism in China
– Emperor of The Peasants
• Long March
– Legendary Escape
• 1949 Peoples Republic of China
– REDS Win Civil War
• Great Leap Forward
– Greatest Failure (20 Million)
• Cultural Revolution
– Mao’s Comeback
• Red Guards & Little Red Book
Father of Chinese Communism
Gorbachev
•My policies of
glasnost & perestroika
accidentally ended
communism in
Eastern Europe and
the Cold War
Ended The Soviet Union
Mandela
•After spending 27
years in prison I was
released and went on
to become the President
of South Africa after
its first free election
Ended Apartheid
David
Ricardo
• Father of the Iron Law of
Wages Theory which states
no raise should be given or
world-wide famine will come
• More money = more children
• Overpopulation = poverty
Father of Iron Law of Wages
Thomas
Malthus
• Father of the Population
Theory stating that the birth
rate always outgrows the food
supply
• This leads to poverty, unemployment
and the evils of society
• So, don’t have too many
children!!!
Father of Population Theory
Leon
Trotsky
Stalin’s Chief Rival
•Trotsky was Stalin’s
main rival after the
death of Lenin
•Trotsky was the Red
Army leader
•Lenin wanted Trotsky
Boxers
•1900 Boxer Rebellion
•Boxers=Young
Fighters of China
•Hated White Man
•Rebellion Crushed
Reaction to Imperialism
Lifeline
Of The Empire
•Suez Canal gave Britain
quick access to their
colonial Empire & India
•Major short-cut
•Jewel of the Crown (India)
Lifeline of the Empire
Sepoys
•1856 Indian Soldiers
•Led the Sepoy Rebellion
– Grease Cartridges
– Tired of White Man
– Reaction to Imperialism
Sepoys=Indian Soldiers
Herbert
Spencer
•Led Social Darwinism
– Master Races Rule
– Imperialism was the
law of nature…
– Survival of fittest
Father of Social Darwinism
Mandates
•Colonies that were lost
after WWI…
•They were given to the
Victors (Britain &
France)
Colonies Lost
Dissidents
•Those arrested for
criticizing the Communist
Governments (Gulags)
•Sakharov was the most
famous dissident of Russia
Andrei Sakharov
Tank Man
Tank
Man
•Tiananmen Square
– 1989 Beijing, China
•Students protest for
Democracy & rights
•Movement crushed!
Inspired Eastern Europeans
Bourgeoisie
•Rising Middle Class
•Owners, Lawyers,
Bankers, Professionals