Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Geography: o Physical Geography- review continents & oceans o Human-Environment Interaction- how humans Use, Modify and Adapt to their Environment Culture o Aspects of culture- Religion/values, knowledge, innovation, social structure, expressions (art, literature, music), holidays/traditions, food, dress, homes, etc… and Impact of culture on society- unites, divides, influences History o Primary/Secondary Sources and perspective/bias Government o Why is government needed? (citizens, laws, protection, order) o What types of government have existed throughout history? (monarchy, theocracy, oligarchy, democracy, republic, anarchy) Economics o Basic concepts o Economic systems- (capitalism, socialism, communism, market economy, command economy, mixed economy, traditional economy) Economic Opportunity created by the Black Death & Fall of Constantinople Commoners gain more independence as feudalism weakens Opening of new trade routes & closing of old ones Need for banking Medici family one example of power from wealth used wealth to be a patron of the arts Arts Florish Sponsored by wealthy patrons Main artists/works • DaVinci, Michaelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, Divine Comedy Renaissance spreads from Italy • Shakespeare Thoughts shift Changes in thought create changes in art which creates more changes in thought Movement from sacred to secular Humanism Shift from divine right to “power at any cost” Machiavelli’s “The Prince” • Justifies the power of wealthy families like the Medici Shift from Latin to the local vernacular Technology spreads the new thoughts Gutenberg and the Printing Press People now have access to, and can read/understand, literature & Bible Importance of education increases along with increase in individual understanding People begin to question power and the status quo Martin Luther & 95 Theses • Exposure of church corruption of power ♦ Indulgences, purchasing of church offices, relics, etc. Power Shifts Lutheranism Calvinism John Calvin Pope Princes Individuals still not choosing religion yet- princes control religion for their lands Establishment of powerful hereditary monarchs (Spain, England, France) Struggle to be most powerful monarch Motivations for Exploration- (God, gold & glory) Who were the power players? Spanish, Portuguese, British, Dutch and French Desire for new trade routes Power and Control Portuguese: East – Coast of Africa and India (de Gama & Prince Henry) • Sea route to Asia that avoids the Ottoman Empire Spanish: Finance Columbus – opposite direction of Portuguese • WHO CAN GET THERE FIRST? British: Sir Francis Drake - plunder Spanish ships Spread of Christianity Effects of Global Interaction Conquest of land Built mines and plantations Enslaved native people to work mines & plantations Columbian Exchange- 1 st Global Age Goods, ideas, animals & diseases traveled between Europe, Africa and Americas Impacts of spread of diseases (smallpox) Death of Native Americans = need for labor force Triangle Trade slaves from Africa Exploration and slave trade increased innovation in transportation Benefits of mission efforts Colonization of Africa & Americas Encomienda, Ethnocentric attitude, racism Effects of competition on relationships among nations Treaty of Tordesillas – avoids war Still in the Renaissance time period - focus in on Scientific Revolution Renaissance paves the way for the Scientific Revolution New ideas challenge established knowledge • Catholic Church supported Ptolemy’s theory of Earth as center of Universe • Copernicus: Heliocentric (Sun centered), was a monk- doesn’t publish while he is alive • Kepler expands/proves further elliptical orbits/atomic theory • Galileo – telescope developed to provide more observations to prove previous heliocentric theory • Sir Isaac Newton: laws of gravity, gravitation theory published o Church of England more accepting of new ideas than Catholic Church Society’s response to new theories o Galileo’s ideas challenge the beliefs of the Catholic Church, trial, recants his observations out of fear of excommunication from church o Church of England more tolerant of new ideas (Newton) – shows a decrease in the power of the church over public New scientific theories opens the door for other new ideas and philosophies Sir Francis Bacon – Scientific Method • Sparks application of REASON to social problems Enlightenment Thinkers • Hobbes: supporter of absolute monarchy- people can’t make wise choices {social contract opposite} • Locke: Natural rights – life, liberty and property; support revolution IF government fails to protect individual rights and religious freedom. • Rousseau: Social Contract: people are good - their society makes them bad, general will: government should reflect desires/ideas of its people. • Montesquieu: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers (limits on power) Creates an environment/mind set open to challenging governments REVOLUTIONS Political Revolutions – Time for Change American Revolution: • Taxation without Representation • Declaration of Independence • Bill of Rights & Constitution • Montesquieu & Separation of Powers compare his ideas to their application French Revolution: • 3 Estates & Unfair Taxation/Representation • Estates General, Tennis Court Oath & the role of middle class, Reign of Terror • Idea of citizen is created • Revolution against the monarchy – Napoleon reverts back to dictatorship. • Intended/Unintended Consequences Social Effects on Common Man Latin American Revolutions: • Inspired by American Revolution • Haiti – Toussant L’Overture • Columbia/Venezuela – Simon Bolivar • Effects- kick out colonial powers & prevent future colonization by Europe While French and others were rebelling, the English who had already experienced the English Revolution, were experiencing urban growth and industrialization due to their Agricultural Revolution (better farming methods less need for farmers) Cottage Industries Industrialization: Britain is the model Needs: Land, labor force, natural resources (raw materials), capital, energy/power, markets • Due to Exploration, British have access to these things. Inventions • Spinning Jenny: speeds production demand for cotton demand for slaves • Steam Engine: used in locomotives, ships, and pumps for water out of mines. • Bessemer Process: industrial process to mass produce steel using iron led to expansion of railroads and helped connect more people ♦ Speeds up trade process Factory System Built close to and powered by water Pull factor for people to move into cities. Unskilled labor used -- need for skilled laborers Use of child labor Poor working conditions ECONOMIC CONFLICT Capitalism Profit Making without Profit Sharing Greed Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire economics • Government should stay out of the economy Urbanization Growth of the Middle Class and working class Environmental Consequences/results of # of factories & in # of people living in cities – housing and family issues Conflict led to improved conditions Quality of Life: factory owners, middle class, working class Society’s Response Middle class wants right to vote Working class wants better working conditions, labor rights/protection, and better pay/shorter hours Fertile ground for new ideas • Socialism/Marxism • Communism End with comparison between new ideas (socialism/communism) and capitalism Captialism/Industrialization – leads to need for raw materials and markets to sell finished products Shift from mercantilist presence in Africa, Asia and S. America to imperialistic presence AFRICA: Scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference, • Consequences: Ethnocentric Decisions, Division of Maasai, Grouped Hutus and Tutsi Economic Control: Shift from Subsistence to Cash Crop farming/ Plantations and Mines **Shift from slave trade to exploitation of raw materials • Starvation • Imperial European country controlled market for raw materials economic control • Infrastructure and modernization efforts Political Control: colonial governments replaced traditional political structures – loss of power by tribal leaders • Maasai (GB & Germany) • S. Africa: Zulu, British and Dutch fighting – Boer Wars Cultural Changes: ♦ Africa: Christianity Introduced, Language, Education (Ideas of Democracy introduced), Healthcare – changes in family structure, Rise in Nationalism ♦ Europe/Western World: Racism, Social Darwinism, Cultural Diffusion from colonies, ASIA: British East India Company- mercantilistic presence, private enterprise, controls/runs colony until Sepoy Rebellion British Military/Stronger presence Political: Colonial Governors/Viceroys & some areas were allowed to remain under control of local rajas – lower level officials and workers were natives Economic: cash crops- cotton, indigo, tea and opium • British corner on textile and salt markets ♦ Destroys Indian textile producers ♦ Starvation ♦ India’s industrialization goes backwards (industries) ♦ Increase in infrastructure Cultural Changes: ♦ Asia: Language, Education (“Brown Englishman”), Disruption of traditional culture, actually increased Indian national identity where before they had been very disjointed and divided, Healthcare/Population growth ♦ Europe/Western World: (Same as Africa) CHINA: Middle Kingdom closed to all foreign trade except in port of Canton West desired more access to trade • British began to trade opium from India Opium War • China’s loss creation of Spheres of Influence ♦ European countries & Japan gain rights to control areas and trade under their laws Exploitation of resources & creation of markets • Cultural: very little change occurred SOUTH AMERICA: Following Latin American Revolutions Spain and Portugal leave but no big changes in South American culture • Still a big gap between rich and poor • Made trade agreements with Great Britian and USA Latin America remained agrarian • US and GB depended on them for raw materials and would lose much if Latin America industrialized ♦ Economic imperialism Compare/Contrast 4 Examples of Imperialism World War I: Nationalism and Alliances in Europe Competition for markets, trade, and growth of military as European powers needed to protect their colonies, help to create the alliance system. Alliance structure begins at Congress of Vienna to effort to preserve balance of power, no more Napoleon Unification of Italy and Germany creates an un-equal balance of power in Europe Suspicions lead to the creation of defensive alliances Triple Alliance & Triple Entente Causes of World War I Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Assassination **Spark Trench Warfare & New Technologies used American involvement isolationism trading supplies with GB Zimmerman note US in War ends Wilson suggests League of Nations to prevent from happening again Treaty of Versailles: punishments, which set the stage for World War II. This unit focuses on the years between the wars, and the causes and effects of WWII, from a global perspective. Treaty of Versailles does not create conditions for peace o Failure of League of Nations Economics of Europe: legacy of World War I o Reparations required of Germany crushes their economy o Extremely high inflation (in 1923, Germany saw it’s highest ever inflation rate of 56.9%) o Global Depression Totalitarianism o Russia: Karanski/Lenin /Stalin–“communism” according to Lenin During World War I political chaos and economic crisis- attempted to try different government styles to fix problems – competition among styles • Russian Revolution: Bolsheviks won promised to get Russia out of World War I o Peace short lived Lenin dies Stalin (Communism according to Stalin)gains control sets stage for other fascist leaders to gain power o Italy: Fascist leader Benito Mussolini takes control – ultra nationalism, use of propaganda to sway Italian peoples, use of military o Germany: German people unhappy with Weimar Republic, Hitler appointed chancellor following Nazi party’s victory in gaining majority of Reichstag and Bundestrat – consolidated powers of Chancellor and President (Der Fuhrer) – people accepted and went along with it because they wanted change and believed Hitler could make Germany great again. Used propaganda to gain control and trust of German peoples emotional appeal – extreme Nationalism scientific based & amoral o Japan: Hirohito, Imperialism in China Divine Right of Emperor Road to War: o Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles – takes Rhineland, Austria and Sudetenland (appeasement) – desire to unite German speaking lands – ultra nationalism, created an empire (3 rd Reich) – anti-Semitism grows in Germany and neighboring countries o Nazi-Soviet anti-aggression pact: allows Hitler to take Poland o Invasion of Poland (Sept 1939) o Creation of Alliances Allied & Axis powers WAR o Non-aggression allows Hitler to move West Blitzkrieg all the way to Dunkirk o Tries to take England, but fails – Radar and RAF prevent success, doesn’t ever cross the English Channel o Moves East and attack Russia Russian practice “scorched earth” tactic as they retreat to Stalingrad – Hitler’s first major defeat – begins Hitler’s downfall o Pearl Harbor Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, tactic to try to keep US occupied in Pacific and out of European theatre US Enters War, begins containment of Japan and commitment to help secure Europe o D-Day Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy o Island Hopping o V-E Day o Atomic Bomb – examine the effects of new technologies o V-J Day The Holocaust o Soldiers “discovered” Concentration and death camps Hitler’s ultra-nationalism targets any non-Aryan people and those with “nonnormal” traits • Nuremburg Laws – defines who is Jewish and strips Jews of Citizenship, requires the wearing of the yellow Star of David • Kristallnacht • Movement of Jews into Ghettos • Creation and Implementation of Concentration & Death camps • Global Realization Examine the effect the displacement of Jews into other areas had on the overall outcome of World War II “It can’t happen again” lesson…. BUT…. Creation of United Nations & Aftermath of War o Skeleton of League of Nations becomes United Nations o Reason/Purpose – to provide place for negotiations to avoid war o 3 Big questions get answered: How do we prevent global war? What about Germany and Japan? What about displaced people of Europe? I. Questions Following WWII: #1 What happens to Germany and Japan? o Japan: US occupation –McArthur, democratic ideals in government, constitutional monarchy, no war clause (Article 9), US rebuilds infrastructure and develops industry to boost economic situation – military tribunal held to address war crimes o Germany: 4 DMZ’s for Allied Powers, divide Berlin into East and West o Nuremberg Trials for war crimes, international trial #2 What about the displaced people of Europe (30 mil refugees)? o Establishment of nation of Israel as homeland for Jews (effects of conflict) Two-state solution – Palestine & Israel – two groups have rights to land, UN Partition Plan Refugee problem continues… new location o US helped rebuild infrastructure to accommodate displaced Europeans #3 What happens globally as a result of weakened European nations? o India’s independence in 1947 – Gandhi, Pakistan/India division o Southeast Asia – former colonies – Indochina o Middle East – Trans-Jordan, new independent nations created and struggle for power, decolonization (also applies in Africa) o Africa – Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa (possible examples) II. Cold War o Post WWII – 2 major world superpowers US & allies (democratic) vs. Soviet Union (communist) and nations they control USA vs. Soviet Union Capitalism (Market Economy) Communism (Command Economy) Free Will Individual 2 nd to State Democratic Communist/Totalitarian Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and assembly No individual freedoms o Competition spurs invention & FEAR- arms race & space race o Attempts to avoid global war… Political & Economic Plans designed to address issues • Yalta Conference: Stalin, Church and Roosevelt Stalin agrees to hold elections in Soviet controlled nations (but doesn’t), imposes communist governments in these Eastern European Nations Iron Curtain – East (Communist) vs. West (Democratic) • World peace more likely when economies are stable and secure o European recovery act “Marshall Plan” US no longer isolationistic • Truman Doctrine… US will support democracy • NATO • Warsaw Pact III. Cold War turns HOT Korea: N=Communist, S=Democratic, we support South to ensure democracy nothing changes Cuban Missile Crisis: US has weapons in Turkey, Soviets feel they need weapons close to USA – place them in Cuba – US says NO WAY, Cuba says OKAY, we threaten nuclear action – Soviets back down & we pull weapons from Turkey Vietnam: N = Communist, S= Democratic, we support the South to ensure democracy we FAIL and leave – N takes over S, All of Vietnam then becomes communist IV. Cold War mellows out Detente super powers are too tired to keep going Economic problems in USSR weaken their ability to “keep up” 1980’s Negotiations to limit nuclear weapons begin to slow competition- SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty) 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall = end of Cold War; 1992 USSR officially disbanded Effects of the Cold War: Economic consequences in Russia Casualties & damages of wars Establishment of US as main superpower in the world Newly independent nations- Eastern European countries w/ successes & struggles The focus of this unit is for students to understand a globally inter-connected & technologically driven, competitive world. Students will use the following topics to learn about the opportunities and challenges the world faces and understand how and why conflict occurs in the 21 st century. Developing Nations: Developing nations are considered to be those whose economies are based on agriculture and the export of natural resources. In this section, a comparison will be made between developed and developing nations to investigate the gap between them. Standard of living, quality of life, and the availability of resources, industry and technology will all be issues that are examined in the comparison. Health: More goods go more places today than at any point in history. More people travel farther, more frequently, and come in contact with more people and goods, than at any point in history. This increased movement of both goods and people increases opportunities for the spread of disease around the world. These diseases have huge impacts on the societies affected. Environment: As the world became increasingly industrial, the need for resources increased as well. Only 20% of the world’s population lives in developed nations, yet those nations use ~85% of the world’s non-energy resources and 70% of the energy resources. In addition to this unequal distribution/utilization of resources, global industrialization has also had a large impact on the environment of our planet. Terrorism: There are many goals of terrorism- groups that want their own nations, those who want to overthrow unjust governments, some who protest the actions of a group or nation, and others who are seeking a public stage for their agenda or cause. This section will investigate a sampling of these acts of terrorism and also the world’s response to them. Questions about rights and responsibility surround some of those global responses to terror