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REACTION AND REVOLUTION: THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM REACTION AND REVOLUTION: THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM After Napoleon’s reign ended, Great European powers moved to restore much of the old order To arrange a final peace settlement between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia Met at the Congress of Vienna Led by Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich under principle of legitimacy rule CONGRESS OF VIENNA REACTION AND REVOLUTION Map of Europe: 1812 EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER What is conservatism? Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability Favored obedience to political authority and organized religion Hated revolutions, unwilling to accept individual rights or representative government Meetings to maintain peace in Europe called the Concert of Europe Principle of intervention allowed great powers to send armies to areas to kill revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to the throne FORCES OF CHANGE Liberalism While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading. Liberals wanted Freedom from government restraints Protection of civil liberties, such as freedom of the press, speech, religion, petition the government Separation of church and state government rule by constitution. Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights. Liberals did not believe in democracy, no individual right to vote Favored mainly by industrial middle class FORCES OF CHANGE Nationalism People’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. People owe loyalty to the nation Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna. Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 France King Louis Philippe refused to make changes and was overthrown Radical Republicans took over and wrote a new constitution Established a republic-government in which leaders are elected Provisional government called for Constituent Assembly and Universal Male Suffrage-all adult male vote Provisional government set up national workshops for unemployed Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte becomes new president THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 FRANCE Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage. In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France. REVOLUTION IN CENTRAL EUROPE Germanic Confederation 38 loosely connected states German and Prussian rulers promised a constitution, free press, jury trials, an all German parliament-The Frankfurt Assembly Germany’s revolution failed due to Frankfurt Assembly had no real power to enforce new constitution Austrian Empire Multinational state consisted of Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, Italians caused many problems Czech revolt in Bohemia was crushed, meaning the failure of the Austrian Empire revolution REVOLTS IN THE ITALIAN STATES Italy was under the control of Austria Young Italy, the Italian unity movement, initially succeeded Within a year, Austria reestablished control Revolts had failed CONCLUSION Liberalism and nationalism transformed the world Revolts in Western Europe initially failed but succeeded later Revolts in Eastern Europe succeeded, but resulted in withdrawal of Britain and Russia from world affairs NATIONALISTIC REVOLTS IN LATIN AMERICA While Spain and Portugal were weak after Napoleon, the Latin American states arose Miguel Hidalgo Revolutionary hero Gathered a large group of Indians and revolted against the Spanish Forces were crushed Other Indians overthrew the Spanish and Augustin de Iturbide was named the first emperor of Mexico. In South America, Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led successful revolutions against the Spanish THE DIFFICULTIES OF NATION BUILDING The new nations had no experience in self governing Tried to become republics Soon they became ruled by militaristic force Since Latin America was a major source of raw goods, it soon became controlled by foreign powers Military aristocracy took over much of the power Caudillas NATIONALISM IN THE BALKANS: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EASTERN QUESTION The southern states under Ottoman control sought change, especially at the Empire began to decline Greece also broke away from the Turks A year later, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire British and French fleets also helped Treaty of Adrianople Serbia freed itself Gave Russia protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia Allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece In 1830, Greece became an independent kingdom THE CRIMEAN WAR Russians and Turks fought because of Russian demands for the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine Turks, and later France and Britain, declared war on Russia During the war, Russia was defeated Results Russia was ashamed of the defeat and withdrew from the world for 20 years Austria had no allies Helped Italy and Germany in becoming independent states.
