Download National Unification

Unification Review
• Study the map of German Unification in
your textbook on page 831.
• Be able to identify
– Southern German states
– Know Prussia and the other states of the north
German confederation
– Austrian Empire
– Alsace and Lorraine
– Schleswig and Holstein
Study the map of Italy in your book on page
827 and know:
Rome
Piedmont
Lombardy
Venetia
Nice
Savoy
National Unification
Italy and Germany
In 1848-1849, the liberal nationalists had been defeated in their
efforts to unify Italy and Germany. By the early 1850’s, the
Austrians had re-imposed their control over Italian and German
affairs, and the German confederation had been reestablished.
Leadership now passed into the hands of professional politicians.
They possessed what the revolutionary idealists of 1848 had
lacked: power and the will to use power, practical political
experience, and a clear vision of their goals.
In Italy, Camillo Cavour, the Premier of Piedmont, established a
united Kingdom of Italy in 1861, while in Germany, Otto von
Bismarck, the Prussian minister-president, created a unified
German Empire a decade later.
Divided Italy
• South-Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies ruled by
Bourbon King
• Center- the Pope
governed the Papal
States
• North-Austrian
domination, except for
Piedmont-the source
of Italian leadership
most responsible for
Italian Unification
Camillo Cavour
• As Premier of the
Piedmont carried out
a program of liberal
reform
• Established banks,
built railroads
• Under Cavour,
Piedmont became a
progressive state
• Realpolitik
Cavour’s Foreign Policy
• Austria presented
roadblock to Italian
unification
• Cavour sought
French assistance
• Sent troops to
Crimean war in 1854to win support from
France and England
• Excellent example of
Realpolitik
Realpolitik after 1850
• Politics of reality
• Employed by Cavour and Bismarck
• Replaced Romantic idealism with hard
headed strategy and manipulation
• Cavour’s involvement in the Crimean War
• Bismarck’s manipulation of the Ems
telegram
Cavour met with Napoleon III 1858
• NIII promised to send
troops to aid the
Piedmont against the
Austrians in war
• Piedmont would get
Lombardy and
Venetia
• NIII would get Nice
and Savoy
Napoleon III
Austro-Sardinian War 1859
• April 1859 Cavour
provoked Austria into
declaring war(Realpolitik)
• A combined French
and Piedmontese
army counterattacked
• Austrians defeated at
Magenta and
Solferino-pulled out of
Lombardy
NIII backs out of deal with Cavour
• Shocked by the bloodiness of the battles
and fearful of a hostile reaction by French
Catholics if Piedmont moved to annex
Papal States
• NIII made a separate peace with Austria
• Peace of Villa Franca gave Lombardy to
Piedmont
• Austria was allowed to keep venetia
Cavour was furious at Napoleon
III’s double dealing
Piedmont’s annexations in northern
Italy
• By September 1859
revolutionary
assemblies in
Tuscany, Parma,
Modena and a part of
the Papal States
offered to unite with
the Piedmont
Nice and Savoy-done deal
• NIII agreed to allow Piedmont to annex the
Northern territories.
• In exchange Napoleon III received Nice
and Savoy
Revolution in Southern Italy
• Revolution broke out in
Sicily in response to the
reactionary policies of the
Bourbon King.
• Spread of revolution to
the south was more than
Cavour expected and
more than NIII could
support
Garibaldi’s Expedition
• Sailed form Genoa with
1,000 “red
shirt”volunteers
• Officially Cavour opposed
the expedition, Secretly
he suuported it
• By April 1860 Garibaldi
had taken Naples, capital
of the Two Sicilies
• Bourbon King fled
The problem with Rome
• Cavour thought that the Red shirts might go for
Rome.
• Could cause Austria and France to defend the
Pope.
• Since 1848 French troops had been in Rome
protecting the Pope against revolution
• In order to restrain Garibaldi, Cavour sent
Piedmontese troops into the Papal statesavoiding Rome
Proclamation of the Kingdom of
Italy
• On March 17, 1861
the Italian Parliament
proclaimed the
establishment of the
Kingdom of Italy with
Victor Emmanuel as
King.
• Cavour died three
months later.
Annexation of Venice and Rome
• April 1866 Italy made
an alliance with
Prussia
• Prussia defeated
Austria in 7 weeks
• Austria ceded Venetia
to the Italians
• Italy received Venetia
as a result of the
Austro-Prussian War
Addition of Rome
• With the Franco- Prussian war of 1870,
French troops in Rome were removed to
fight the Prussians.
• The Italians occupied and annexed Rome
• The annexations of Venetia and Rome
completed the Risorgimento.
Divided Germany
• Following 1848 german
Confederaion made up of
39 States, Austria and
Prussia
• Holding the presidency of
the German
confederation, the
Austrians dominated
Germany as they did Italy
Bismarcks Rise
• King William I of Prussia sought to strengthen
the Prussian Army requiring new taxes
• Liberal parliament would not approve taxes
without concessions from the King
• Bismarck addressed the parliament- “great
issues of the day would not be settled by
parliamentary debate and majority vote, but by
blood and iron”
• Parliament still refused new taxes, Bismarck
proceeded to collect the taxes any way
Schleiswig-Holstein Affair
• Danish King ruled the
partly Danish and
German duchiesalthough they were
not a part of Denmark
• In 1863 the Danish
parliament annexed
Schleswig.
• Infuriated German
nationalists
Austro-Prussian alliance
• Bismarck proposed a Prussian alliance with
Austria to take action against Denmark.
• Prussia and Austria went to war with Denmark in
1864.
• Denmark was quickly defeated and gave up
Schleswig and Holstein.
• Bismarck set up joint occupation of the territories
with Prussia getting Schleswig and Austria
getting Holstein.
• Bismarck used arrangement to provoke
arguments and war with Austrians—led to
Austro-Prussian War 1866.
Bismarck’s Alliances isolating Austria
• Napoleon III remains neutral-he thought
that Austria would win
• Alliance with Italy-promised Venetia to
Italians if Prussians won
Austro-Prussian war 1866 aka
Seven Weeks War
• Prussia accused the Austrians of violating
German confederation agreements.
• Prussia proposed the abolition of the
German Confederation
• The Prussians defeated the Austrians at
the battle of Sadowa
North German Confederation
• Bismarck made a
moderate peace with
Austria.
• Prussia gained full
possession of Schleswig
and Holstein.
• Prussia also annexed the
Northern German States
of Hanover, Hesse,
Nassau, and Frankfurt.
• This created the North
German Confederation
1867
North German Confederation
• Austria was now out of German affairs
• Kleindeutsh
• Prussia dominated the North German
Confederation
• Four independent southern States,
Bavaria,Wurtemburg, Baden, HesseDarmstadt
Southern Germany
• 4 southern German states refused to join
with the Prussian dominated North
German confedration
• Traditionally quite liberal and Catholic
• Reluctant to be controlled by
autocratic/militaristic/Lutheran Prussia
• Napoleon III opposed the further
expansion of Prussia
• Bismarck believed he would have to fight a
war with France to win the Southern states
The Hohenzollern candidacy
• An 1868 revolution in Spain set the wheels
in motion for Franco-Prussian war
• Spanish revolution led to overthrow of
Queen Isabella-spain needed new
monarch
• A Hohenzollern (Prussian relative) was
considered
• France strongly opposed this possibility
French demands on Prussia
• In the face of French protests, Kaiser William I
withdrew Leopold’s name
• On July 13, 1870 French ambassador Count
Bennedetti met with William I in Ems and asked
the king that a Hohenzollern candidacy would
not be considered for Spain
• William reported the outcome of the meeting to
Bismarck in Berlin. William indicated that the
meeting went fine. He sent this news to
Bismarck via the “Ems telegram”
Ems Telegram
• Bismarck edited the Kings report and released it
to the papers.
• Bismarck made it apear that William I and
Bennedetti insulted each other.
• Napoleon III declared war on July, 19 1870
• Bismarck had made alliances with the southern
German states in anticipation of war
• Now all of Germany went to war with France
Franco-Prussian War
• The Southern German States joined with
the North German Confederation thus
creating the German Empire.
Completion of German Unification
• January 18,1871 William I was declared
the Emperor of Germany.
• This occurred in the Hall of mirrors at the
palace of Versailles
Treaty of Frankfurt May 10, 1871
• French ceded the Provinces of Alsace and
Lorraine to the Germans and had to pay
the Germans the equivalent of $1 billion
dollars.
• The annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
enraged the French-pick that back up in
WWI.
• The French would want REVENGE!
Russia
From Alexander I to Nicholas II
Crimean War 1853-1856
• Russians occupied
Moldavia and Wallachia
1853-on the west coast
of the black sea
• Turkey declared war on
Russia
• Great Britain, France,
Piedmont joined Turkey
• Prussia and Austria
remained neutral
• Following the death of
Nick I, Alexander II
sued for peace
• Treaty of Paris 1856Russia could not have
a navy on the Black
Sea
• Crimean war taught
Alexander II that the
Russians were behind
the west-reform was
needed.
Reforms of Czar Alexander II (r.
1855-1881)
• Emancipated the serfs
1861
– Serfs acquired some
land
– State compensated
landowners for lost
land
– Peasants required
to reimburse state
– Land was given to
Mir (village
communes) not to
individual peasant
Terrorism
• Reforms of Alex II
increased demands for
reform
• Some radicals turned
to terrorism- “Peoples
will”
• Terror would hopefully
get gov’t change
• Led to increased gov’t
repression
• March 13, 1881, Alex II
agreed to establish
representative council
to consider reform
• Alex II was
assassinated the same
day
Czar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)
• Autocrat, rejected all
proposal for further
reform
• Secret Police went after
terrorists
• Censorship tightened
• Further Russification
• Pogroms-authorities
often encouraged
peasants to conduct
anti-Jewish riots
• Also harassed
Protestants in the Baltic
and Catholics in Poland
• OAR-Orthodoxy,
Autocracy, Russification
Czar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
• 1880’s marked the
beginning of Russia’s
industrial revolution
• Peter Stolypin, “wager on
the strong” allowed
peasants to produce
individually away from the
Mir
• Sergei Witte-Minister of
Finance 1892-1903
– Trans-Siberian railroa
– Use the “West to Catch up
to the West”
Germany after 1871
Pope Pius IX
Papal Infallibility 1870
• belief of the Roman Catholic Church that
God protects the pope from error when he
speaks about faith or morality
• It was in this climate that Bismarck
launched the Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf-early 1870’s
• Bismarck’s “struggle of civilization”
• Campaign against the Roman Catholics of Germany
• Bismarck believed Catholics could not be loyal to both
Germany and the Pope
• 1872-Jesuits expelled from Germany
• 1873-Prussian placed the education of the clergy under
the supervision of the state
• Bismarck’s Kulturkampf failed
Bismarck’s anti-socialist campaign
1878 and on
• Social Democratic Party
– Socialist groups including Marxists
• Bismarck: repression and social welfare
• Banned socialist meetings, suppressed
newspapers
• Creation of the modern welfare state
• 1883/1884 National health/Accident insurance
• Old age pensions
France and England
The Advance of Democracy
The Reform Bill of 1867
• Benjamin Disraeliconservative Prime
Minister
• Some seats in House of
Commons redistributed
• Extended vote to most
of Great Britain’s urban
workers
• Disraeli’s “Great Leap
into the dark”- in that
more voters were
created, not sure how
they would vote!
William Gladstone’s Liberal “Great
Ministry” 1868-1874
• British Parliament
enacted extensive
reform program
• Civil service exams
• Education Bill of 1870
provided $ to local
school boards to
operate non-sectarian
schools
• 1871 workers gained
right to organize unions
and strike
• Gladstone maitained
Laissez-Faire
Disraeli, again, 1874-1880
• “Tory democracy”- designed to benefit
the working class and win further
support for the conservative party
• Conservatives were less committed to
laissez-faire doctrine
Gladstone, again, 1881-1885
• The reform Bill of 1884
– Extended right to vote to most urban workers
• The Irish question/Home Rule
• Act of Union 1801-Ireland governed by
British Parliament
• Catholic emancipation Act-increased number
of Irish in Parliament
• Home rule: Irish would have own Parliament
but would join with Britain’s foreign policy
• Six Protestant counties in Northern Ireland
opposed this
Home Rule defeats/Victory
• Gladstone introduced
home rule bills in 1886
and 1893-both defeated
by conservatives
• In 1914 Liberals
pushed through Home
rule
• Could not be enforced
because of opposition
from Ulster (northern
Ireland Protestants)
• Both Protestants and
Catholics formed
militia’s-brink of civil
war-WWI
Development of the Labor Party
• In 1900 workers in labor unions formed the
Labor Party
• Labor Party ultimately replaced Liberal Party
• In an effort to keep the Labor vote the Liberals
enacted worker friendly legislation
• 1906 aid to injured workers
• Old age pensions act 1909
The “peoples budget” 1909
• Passed under Prime Minister David Lloyd
George
• Called for tax increases to pay for social
programs and naval expansion (blame Kais.
William II)
• House of Lords refused to pass Bill
• King George V threatened to increase # of
liberals in Lords to pass
• Lords passed it-weakened the power of the
Lords
• Further promoted full political democracy in
England
France
The end of the Second Empire
and the Creation of the Third
French Republic
The end of Napoleon III
• The final crisis for the second Empire was
the Franco-Prussian war
• At Sedan the Prussians captured
Napoleon III
• In Paris, radicals proclaimed the creation
of the third French Republic
Problems for the new
Republic
• Radicals dominated Paris and other major
cities
• Monarchist candidates won the majority of
the seats in the new assembly
• The 3rd French Republic set up its
government in Versailles, not Paris.
• Radicals in Paris threatened the new
Republic
The Paris Commune
• Commune of Paris, also called Paris Commune, French
Commune de Paris, (1871), insurrection of Paris against
the French government from March 18 to May 28, 1871. It
occurred in the wake of France’s defeat in the FrancoGerman War and the collapse of Napoleon III’s Second
Empire (1852–70).The National Assembly, which was
elected in February 1871 to conclude a peace with
Germany, had a royalist majority, reflecting the
conservative attitude of the provinces. The republican
Parisians feared that the National Assembly meeting in
Versailles would restore the monarchy.To ensure order in
Paris, Adolphe Thiers, executive head of the provisional
national government, decided to disarm the National
Guard (composed largely of workers who fought during
the siege of Paris).
The Paris Commune
• Adolphe Thiers head of
the government
ordered the dissolution
of the Paris National
Guard
• Parisian Radicals
responded by creating
the city gov’t the Paris
Commune
• Thiers decided to crush
the commune
• The Republic
reasserted its control
over the commune
3rd Republic anticlericalism
• Church had generally supported Monarchists
• 1880’s republican gov’t sought to reduce the
influence of the Church in national life
• Jesuit order was expelled from France
• The name of God was removed from oaths
Boulanger Affair
• General Georges Boulanger- minister of war
• In 1889, it appeared that Boulanger might
attempt to carry out a coup against the
government with monarchist and clerical
support
• He failed to do the coup
• Discredited monarchists, strengthened
Republic
Dreyfus Affair
• 1894-Jewish officer Alfred
Dreyfus convicted of giving
information to Germans
• Actual criminal was major
Esterhazy
• Dreyfusards- supported
Dreyfus innocence and the
cause of the republic and
anticlericalism
• Anti-Dreyfusards-insisted on
Dreyfus Guilt supported cause
of Monarchists, army and the
Church-openly anti-semitic
Dreyfus Affair
• Dreyfus affair, political crisis, beginning in
1894 and continuing through 1906, in
France during the Third Republic. The
controversy centred on the question of
the guilt or innocence of army captain
Alfred Dreyfus, who had been convicted
of treason for allegedly selling military
secrets to the Germans in December 1894.
At first the public supported the
conviction; it was willing to believe in the
guilt of Dreyfus, who was Jewish.
Dreyfus Cont.
• The effort to reverse the sentence was at first limited
to members of the Dreyfus family, but, as evidence
pointing to the guilt of another French officer,
Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy, came to light from 1896,
the pro-Dreyfus side slowly gained adherents. The
accusations against Esterhazy resulted in a courtmartial that acquitted him of treason (January 1898).
To protest against the verdict, the novelist Émile Zola
wrote a letter titled J’accuse, published in
Clemenceau’s newspaper L’Aurore. In it he attacked
the army for covering up its mistaken conviction of
Dreyfus, an action for which Zola was found guilty of
libel.
Dreyfus, cont.
• By the time of the Zola letter, the Dreyfus case
had attracted widespread public attention and had
split France into two opposing camps. The antiDreyfusards (those against reopening the case)
viewed the controversy as an attempt by the
nation’s enemies to discredit the army and weaken
France. The Dreyfusards (those seeking
exoneration of Captain Dreyfus) saw the issue as
the principle of the freedom of the individual
subordinated to that of national security. They
wanted to republicanize the army and put it under
parliamentary control.
Emile Zola “J’Accuse”
• Zola charged the army
with forging the
evidence that convicted
Dreyfus
• By 1906 Dreyfus is
pardoned
• Victory of the
Dreyfusards was a
defeat for the
conservative elements
of the army, the
monarchists, and the
Church as well.