Download ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION

ITALIAN AND GERMAN
UNIFICATION
ITALY
ROMANTIC REPUBLICANISM
• Secret societies founded throughout
Italy
• Carbonari…
• 1831: leadership passed to Guiseppe
Mazzini…Young Italy
– Goal…to drive Austria out of Italy
– “Italia Irredenta”
– A unified Italian republic
• Guiseppe Mazzini
– 1805-1872
– The SOUL of Italian
unification
– Involved in the illfated Roman Republic
of 1849
GUISEPPE GARIBALDI…”THE
SWORD”
• Involved in the
Roman Republic of
1849
• Continued to conduct
guerilla warfare
throughout the
1850’s
REPUBLICANISM DEFEATED
• February 1849:
Roman Republic
• March 1849:
Radicals forced
Charles Albert to
renew war w/Austria
• After defeat at
Novara, Charles
Albert abdicated in
favor of his son,
Victor Emmanuel II
How to save Rome from the
Republicans???
• Send in the French troops…
• France did not want a unified strong Italy
on her southern border
• June 1849: 10,000 French troops laid siege
to Rome
• July 3: Rome fell to the French forces
• FRENCH TROOPS REMAINED IN ROME
UNTIL 1870
Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)
Italian Nationalist Leaders
King
Giuseppi
Count
Cavour
[The
Garibaldi
[The
“Sword”]
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The
Victor
Emmanuel
II
Sardinia-Piedmont:The“Magnet”
Italian unification
movement:
Risorgimento
[“Resurgence”]
The Brain
– Camillo Cavour: Prime Minister of
Piedmont-Sardinia
CAVOUR…WHO WAS HE?
a cunning statesman
a moderate liberal
rich…made a fortune in railroads, agriculture
and newspaper
a strong monarchist…rejected republicanism
ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL PROGRESS
REQUIRED A UNITED ITALY
How did Cavour view
unification?
 Exploit
the “grass roots” movement
 Use the Nationalist Society to press
for unification under PiedmontSardinia
 Work for free trade, agricultural
improvement, expansion of credit,
and railway construction
 Necessary to get French aid to be
successful
What factors led to unification?
 Business
wanted it
 Shared cultural heritage
 Common language
 Common religion
 Patriotic music & literature
Step #1:
Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to
the Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?
How to play the political game
internationally…
• 1855: Piedmont
joined the Crimean
War
• Cavour then raised
the Italian question
at the Paris
conference
• Gained Napoleon
III’s confidence
Step #2:
Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at
Plombières, 1858
What “deals” are made here?
 CAVOUR
REPRESENTED A
MODERATE LIBERAL
ALTERNATIVE BY 1858
The plot…
Napoleon and Cavour met at Plombieres
in July 1858
Idea: provoke a war with Austria in
Italy…France would get Nice and
Savoy from Piedmont and Piedmont
would get rid of the Austrians…and
unite Italy
War with austria

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

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
1859: Piedmont mobilized her troops
April 22: Austria demanded demobilization
France intervened to aid Piedmont
June 4: Austrians defeated at Magenta
June 22: Austrians defeated at Solferino
July 11: Napoleon III betrayed
Piedmont…negociated a separate peace
with Austria
Step #3:
Austro-Sardinian War 1859
The consequences…




Revolutions broke out in Tuscany,
Modena, Parma and Romagna
Piedmont received Lombardy
Venetia remained in Austrian hands
Parma et al voted to unite with
Piedmont
GARIBALDI’S CAMPAIGN
• May 1860: Garibaldi’s Red Shirts landed in
Sicily…by September, controlled Naples
• Cavour rushed troops to confront
Garibaldi…conquering the Papal States on t he
way south
• Only Rome remained the pope’s
• Garibaldi’s nationalism trumped his
republicanism…reluctantly, he voted to join the
Two Sicilies with the northern union
Step #4:
Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite
with Cavour
ITALY: March 1861

King Victor Emmanuel II
A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary
British cartoon,
entitled "Right
Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi helping
Victor Emmanuel
put on the
Italian boot.
Step #5:
Austro-Prussian War
1866
Austria loses
control of
Venetia.
Venetia is
annexed to
Italy.
Step #6: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Italy is
united!
What were the challenges???
•
•
•
•
Cavour died in June 1861
Republicans resented Garibaldi’s treatment
Clergy resented the conquest of the Papal States
Economies and social structures of north and
south were incompatible
• Political framework was unable to deal with the
problems
– Conservative constitutional monarchy
– Ministers responsible to king, not Parliament
– Leaders avoided major problems
Pope Pius IX:
1846-1878
The “Spoiler”?
• Condemned socialism,
nationalism, religious
toleration and freedom
of the press
• Syllabus of Errors: it “is
an error to believe that
the Roman Pontiff can
and ought to reconcile
himself to, and agree
with, progress,
liberalism, and modern
civilization.”
“TRANSFORMISMO”
 Political
opponents became
government supporters through
bribery, favors, or political
appointments
 Italian
politics became a synonym
for corruption
“Italia Irredenta”
• Rome: gained in 1870 as a result of the
Franco-Prussian War…Pope “prisoner of
the Vatican” until the Lateran Treaty of 1929
• Venetia: gained in 1866 as a result of the
Austro-Prussian War
• Trieste: gained in 1919…25% Slovenian
• Trentino:gained in 1919…60% Italian
GERMANY FROM BLOOD
AND IRON

Otto Von Bismarck: Chancellor of
Prussia
“The creation of a united Germany
was the single most important
political development in Europe
between 1848 and 1914.” Donald Kagan
• Transformed the balance of power
• The top down process determined the
character of the new state
• United by Otto von Bismarck, the
conservative army/Junkers, and the
monarchy
Prussian/Austrian Rivalry
German unification…




Top down rather than grass roots…yeah,
Bismarck!
Good for business…Zollverein, etc.
Common cultural heritage, music and
literature
Religious split…north was Protestant, south
Roman Catholic
Otto von Bismarck
1815-1898
• A Junker
• 1851-1859: Prussian
minister to the Frankfurt
Diet
• Understood that Prussia
needed a strong industrial
base
• Prime Minister of Prussia
1862-1871
• Prime Minister of
Germany 1871-1890
What were Bismarck’s goals??
• Liberal majority in Parliament
• Bismarck could not finesse the tax issue with this group
• Had to find a way to attract popular support for the
army/monarchy
• Kleindeutsch solution to unification
•ULTIMATE GOAL: A
UNITED GERMANY
ORCHESTRATED AND
DOMINATED BY PRUSSIA
WAR : “BLOOD AND IRON”
 1864:
Danish War over Schleswig
and Holstein
 1866: The Seven Weeks War with
Austria
– Land to Prussia
– Venetia to Italy
 1870:
Franco-Prussian War
– Alsace and Lorraine to Germany
The danish war 1864
How to exclude Austria???

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Population of Schleswig and Holstein were
mixed…Germans and Dane
Holstein belonged to German Confederation
1863: Danish Parliament moved to incorporate
both provinces into Denmark
Smaller states of German Confederation
proposed an all-German war to stop this
Austria and Prussia defeated Denmark in 1864
Austria in charge of Holstein and Prussia of
Schleswig
Sneaky Bismarck…



1866: Secret treaty with Italy…
Italy to get Venetia if Italy attacked
Austria in support of Prussia when war
broke out
Napoleon III promised neutrality in an
Austro-Prussian conflict
The Austro-Prussian War
1866…aka “The 7 Weeks
War”
Austria lost…decisively…



Venetia ceded to Napoleon III
who ceded it to Italy
Habsburgs permanently
excluded from German affairs
PRUSSIA the only major power
among the German states
The North German
Confederation 1867

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
Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and
Frankfurt, which had all supported Austria
All of Germany north of the Main River formed
the confederation
Legislature: Bundesrat and Reichstag
Constitution had the appearance, but not the
substance, of liberalism
NATIONALISM trumped LIBERALISM
How to get the southern German
states to join the Confederation???
•creative editing…
The run-up to war
• 1868: Bourbon queen
Isabella of Spain
deposed.
• June 1870: Leopold
of Hohenzollern,
cousin of William I of
Prussia, accepted the
throne
The Ems Dispatch
• The French objected to a Hohenzollern Spain
• French ambassador Benedetti met with William at Bad
Ems.
• July 12: Leopold’s father renounced his son’s candidacy
• July 13: William sent Bismarck a telegram regarding the
meeting
• Bismarck released an edited version of the telegram…it
appeared that William had insulted Benedetti
• THE RESULT: FRANCE DECLARED
WAR ON PRUSSIA
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
1870-1871
Battle of Bazelles 1870
Montgolfier balloon…siege of Paris 1870
Napoleon III and Bismarck after
the battle of Sedan
From Le Monde Illustre, April 1871
The german empire
• Proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors,
January 18, 1871
The Second Reich
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Coronation of
Kaiser Wilhelm I
[r. 1871–1888]
Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser…
The TreaTy…
 Germany
was a federation…the local
princes remained the heads of their
respective states
 France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to
Germany
 William accepted the imperial title of
emperor (Kaiser)
Bismarck Manipulating
the Reichstag
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:
Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of
the hands of the clergy  civil
marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from
Germany.
The education of Catholic priests
would be under the supervision of the
German government.
Bismarck’s Rapproachment
with the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII
CONSEQUENCES
• …creation of a powerful new state
• …German Empire much stronger than
Prussia militarily and economically
• …new state was conservative
• …revealed the weakness of France and the
Habsburgs
• …lasting animosity towards Germany
on the part of France: revanche became part of
French foreign policy
• MORAL OF THE STORY: DON’T HUMILIATE
YOUR ENEMY!!
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
I am bored. The great things are
done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating
is always followed by a generation that
deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the
Balkans will provoke the next war.
NAPOLEON III
 “I
will forgive you, history will forgive you,
but my people will never forgive yours.”
FRANCE AND THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
March 1871: The Paris Commune
Riots in the streets
May: last Communards defeated
20,000 executed
1875: finally a new government
Third Republic lasted 60 years
Multiple political parties
Hatred of Germany
– “We shall demand each day before Europe our rights
and our ravaged provinces…” Leon Gambetta
BALANCE OF POWER BROKE
DOWN
• Britain and Germany were the two great
powers by 1871
• Austria, Russia and Italy lagged far behind
• Austrian Empire became the Dual
Monarchy…Austria-Hungary in 1867
• France somewhere in between