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By: Nicole, Brent and Ben
Map of Spain 1830 - 1914
Congress of Vienna
• Marquis Pedro Gómez de Labradora was at the conference.
• During the wars, Portugal had lost its province of Olivença to Spain and, at
the Congress of Vienna, wanted it back. Portugal is historically the oldest
ally of the United Kingdom, and with its support succeeded in having their
right to the re-incorporation of Olivença decreed in Article 105 of the Final
Act, which stated that the Congress "understood the occupation of
Olivença to be illegal and recognized Portugal's rights". Portugal ratified
the Final Act in 1815 but the Spanish would not sign. Thus Spain became
the most important hold-out against the Congress of Vienna. Deciding in
the end that it was better to become part of Europe than stand aside
alone, Spain finally accepted the Treaty on May 7, 1817, however, Olivença
and its surroundings have never actually returned to Portuguese control
and this question is still unsolved
Revolution
• The Glorious Revolution (Spanish La Gloriosa) took
place in Spain in 1868, deposing Queen Isabella II.
• An 1866 rebellion led by General Juan Prim and a
revolt of the sergeants at San Gil barracks (Madrid)
sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that
there was serious unrest with the state of affairs in
Spain that could be harnessed if it were properly led.
Liberals and republican exiles abroad made
agreements at Ostend in 1866 and Brussels in 1867
• Spain was unified for the while that the
Spanish republic was around, 1873-1874.
Major Political Players
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Isabella II of Spain, 29 September 1833–30 September 1868
Amadeus, 16 November 1870 – 11 February 1873
Spanish Republic 1873–1874 was formed
Estanislau Figueras February 11, 1873–June 11, 1873
1873 Nicolás Salmerón y Alfonso
1873-1874 Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
1874 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1897), Prime Minister.
Manuel Azaña (1880–1940), Premier (twice) and President
during the Second Spanish Republic.
Legitimacy
• Isabella II (1830-1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1868.
• She came to the throne after her father’s death, when the Salic Law
(which prohibited women from succeeding the throne) was set aside.
• Her uncle, Don Carlos, didn’t want her to succeed her father. This led to
the First Carlist War(1833-1839).
• The military established her rule in 1843.
• The Affair of the Spanish Marriages, made it so that Isabella and her sister
married to French Isabella's marriage and that of her sister to Spanish and
French nobles instead of to English ones. This helped alienate England and
empower the Conservative faction in Spain, which led to the Liberal
uprisings of 1848.
• The chaos during her reign brought about the Revolution of 1868 that
exiled her to Paris.
Legitimacy Continued
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Alfonso XII (1857-1885) succeeded his mother, Isabella, and reigned from 1875 to 1885.
Shortly after he was appointed, he proceeded to Royal Military Academy in the UK and
while there he proclaimed himself the sole representative of the Spanish monarchy.
In 1875 he came back from the UK and passed through Barcelona and Valencia on his
way to Madrid. Everywhere he was received with happiness and rainbows.
In 1876 Alfonso defeated Don Carlos in the Carlist Wars and two years later, he married
his cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes, but she died within six months of her
marriage. In 1879, he married an Austrian princess, Maria Christina and they had three
kids.
In 1881, Alfonso refused to sanction the law about which ministers would remain in
office for a fixed term. Instead, he summoned Sagasta, the Liberal leader, to form a
cabinet.
Though he came to the throne at an early age, he was still a great ruler, having sound
judgment and natural tact. He won affection from the people by visiting areas affected
by earthquakes or cholera as a morale booster. Finances were well regulate and peace
was established both civilly and abroad. Alfonso died of phthisis.
Legitimacy Continued
• Alfonso XIII (1886 – 1941) succeeded Alfonso XII and reigned
from 1886 – 1931.
• He married Princess Victoria Eugenie.
• The monarchy was threatened by social unrest in the newly
industrialized areas, by dissatisfaction with the constant
fighting in Morocco, and by the rise of socialism and
anarchism.
• In 1909 the government was widely attacked for the
execution of the radical publicist Francisco Ferrer Gaudia,
followed by an uprising in Barcelona.
• Alfonso went into exile in Rome in 1931
Industrialization
• Spain began it’s industrialization with the constructing and
expansion of the railroad, in 1860.
• Cotton textiles were the ‘prime mover’, and though
Catalonian industry proved strong at the beginning of the
century, they were disappointing later.
• The historian Nadal, wrote the book The Failure of the
Industrial Revolution in Spain, 1814-1913, in regards of Spain’s
late development of industrialization.
• He found that from 1831 to 1874 Spain underwent an
industrial revolution, which concentrated wealth to a few
capitalists at the expense of peasants. This did not last,
though, because it was too concentrated, and the industrial
demand was not enough to lead to urban employment.
Infrastructure
• During the mid-19th century, a new railroad
network was established. This was an
important feat because Spain lacked water
way systems that could have been used as
other means of transportation.
• The railroad was their main means of
transportation.
• There were only few roads in Spain that
allowed easy passage for carriages, and those
roads mostly went to main cities.
Nationalism
• Spain’s nationalism emerged with the War of
Independence against Napoleon, and can be
found in many acts since that time. For
example, the First Carlist War in Isabella II’s
reign is an excellent display of Spain’s
nationalism.
Imperialism
• Spain’s strongest power remained over South
America and Mexico.
• The Spanish had conquered South America
from the 16th century onwards, and by the
18th and 19th centuries, a structured system of
government existed across the country,
though with Spain’s decline later during this
period, their control over most of the colonies
declined.
Political Reforms
• In 1931, Spain became a republic, but the republicans were
not able to bring social and political stability to the country
which resulted in the Spanish Civil War.
• Early reforms were aimed at improving the economic and
political structure of Spain. Modernizing agriculture, more
efficiently constructed ships, and development of
infrastructure were among the goals of the reforms.
Unfortunately, most of these reforms didn’t work. They left
the country nearly bankrupt and hindered nationalization.
They also disrupted the class system, leaving almost no
middle class and separated the lower and upper significantly.
Alliances
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Spanish Alliances, as all alliances throughout Europe During and after the
Napoleonic wars/conquest of the Americas were unreliable. Throughout the 18th
century, Spain was in allegiance with and at war against varying nations, at all
times war and alliances were changing, as was the fate of Spain and Europe. At the
Beginning of the 18th century, Spain and France were Allies, but from the
beginning to the end of the French revolution, caused great disturbances in Spain.
This ultimately led to war with France, and directly resulted in an allegiance with
Britain. Britain and Spain waged war against France, but Britain, concentrating
largely on the dominance and control of the Americas, was a dwindling recourse in
Spain’s conquest. In the mid 1800s, Spain and Portugal became allies in light of
Frances rise to power. During the French occupation of Spain, and the threat of
French conquest against Portugal, Each nation secretly provided the other with
needed basic needs, troops, intelligence and mutual trust against the French
hordes. At the Turn of the 18th century, Spain had been reduced from the
conquistador of the Americas and the Jewel of Europe, to a mere bystander in the
great exploits, wars , victory and wealth gain of the superpowers of Europe, and
found itself weary of allegiance.
Militarism – Spain and France
• Spain and France go into war with one another after almost a
century of being in allegiance. French Bourbon King Louis XVI,
during the French Revolution was executed in France. In
Spain, civilian uprising resulting from a resurgence of the
Spanish Inquisition, repressive rulings, and ceased efforts on
domestic reforms, were all effects of the French Revolution.
The revolution caused great upheavals throughout Europe.
This led to war against France in which Spain and Britain
became allies. Consequently, France invaded Spain and
Manuel de Godoy, chief advisor to Charles IV ruler of Spain,
accepted defeat and reverted to forming an alliance with
France once again.
Militarism – Spain and Europe
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During the mid 1800s Europe was in a rat-race to conquer and controlee the new world, as
well as hold a sphere of influence back home. The British navy proved superior to the French
and Spanish fleets at sea. Britain created blockades that cut off Spain from its American
colonies; this resulted in the Spanish colonial trade shifting to Britain. Spain finances in
consequence deteriorated. Napoleon Bonaparte, ruler of France after Louis XVI’s execution,
forced Spain to return the American Louisiana Purchase to France. By 1805, Spain status in
Europe had been reduced to mere pawns in France’s schemes. Shortly, thereafter, French
troops stormed through Spain with intentions to reach and conquer Portugal to further the
power of their Empire. However, they resorted to occupying north and central Spain in an
attempt to infiltrate and control the government as an alternative to spreading thin their
armies across Europe, including Portugal.. Napoleon decided to assume direct control of
Spain as a result of Spain leaders bickering of principalities on how to rule the country, which
he achieved almost immediately on his resolve, thanks to his infiltration network and the
power of his name and country. Charles IV of Spain appointed his son Ferdinand VII to
replace Manuel de Godoy. Ferdinand was then ousted by Napoleon, who put his brother
Joseph Bonaparte to rule over Spain. The Napoleonic Wars ensued and Spain, aided by British
troops, was in a war of independence from France.
Domestic Policy
• Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation is
dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of
international trade is unchangeable. Economic assets or capital, are
represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state,
which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other
nations (exports minus imports) and assumes wealth and monetary assets
are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should
advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy; by
encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of
tariffs and subsidies. Spain’s concentration on mercantilism resulted in
ultimately beneficial results that would have lead to a Superpower quoi in
Europe, had it not been for French interference starting with the
Napoleonic wars, and the ending result of French occupation in Spain. This
ended Spanish Rule in the government with Napoleons placement of
Ferdinand with Joseph Bonaparte, who with French encouragement set
about the reform of Spanish policy.
Foreign Policy
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Spain was an economically motivated influence in Europe. Mercantilism’s export
trade was very importance in Spain’s Sphere of influence. Spain traded throughout
the boundaries of Europe, and even as far as India and the Americas. Spaniards
were seemingly integrated in free trade, with the exception of war with a certain
country or nation. This was exceedingly beneficial for Spain, who in turn managed
to raise and maintain a looming military presence in the early 18th century. This
presence served as a form of influence over smaller and equal nations, resulting in
rulings in favour of Spain, whose power was only increased further. War and Peace
were the luxury of power, and Spain attended the attention of both at will for self
gain. At the turn of the mid 1800s however, power was at a standstill through the
French occupation and the resulting social deterioration , foreign exploits were
reduced to simple trade once again, and the loss of Spanish colonies throughout
the new world only increased the loss to Spain, and its sphere of influence.
Without the recourses to maintain such colonies and a sphere of influence in the
new world, recourses in turn were not sent back to Spain to maintain consequent
power, and eventually Spain became a meek nation in policy and reform.
Ideological Reflection
• Ideologically, Spain desired to maintain a Mercantilist policy in light of an
ever expanding empire. The want to hold a dominant position of Europe
as well as a sphere of influence in the New world shows the desire of
Spain to be part of the globalization of culture, wealth and power in the
18th century. In theory, Spain wanted to maintain an economically
motivated nation, which in light of its wealth would wield a military power
greater than any before it. This could then give way to the sway of Europe
in Spain’s favor, and ultimately to the control of the New world. To become
such a power Spanish culture would uncontrollably spread beliefs, values
and policy throughout the world in a form of globalization the earth had
never seen. Eventually, the prosperity of Europe and the new world would
be credited to Spain, and its wealth and power would be hailed by other
Continental powers. However, in light of such prosperity, this ideological
theory never came to play, and to the contrary perhaps the exact opposite
happened. Though ideological want was in Spain, the French, starting with
the Revolution and Napoleon, prevented the Spaniards from achieving
social nirvana.
Bibliography
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