Download Nationalism

The Great War
Causes
Nationalism:
Europe Faces Revolutions
Chapter 8, Sections 2
Government Philosophies
• Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and
nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional
monarchies of Europe.
• Liberal: mostly middle-class business leaders and
merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected
parliaments, but only the educated and landowners
would vote.
• Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to
all people. They believed that governments should
practice the ideals of the French Revolution—liberty,
equality, and brotherhood.
Nationalism Develops
• Out of the debate over governmental
philosophies, nationalism developed.
• Nationalism: belief that people’s greatest loyalty
should not be to a king or an empire but to a
nation of people who share a common culture
and history.
• Nation-states developed as countries in Europe
created independent governments.
– Defended territory and way of life
– Represents the nation to the rest of the world
– 1815, only France, England, and Spain were nationstates (in Europe)
Nationalism
Positive Results
Negative Results
People within a nation overcoming their
differences for the common good
Forced assimilation (blending) of minority
cultures into a nation’s majority culture
The overthrow of colonial rule
Ethnic cleansing, such as Bosnia and
Herzegovina in the 1990s
Democratic governments in nations
throughout the world
The rise of extreme nationalistic
movements, such as Nazism
Competition among nations spurring
scientific and technological advances
Competition between nations leading to
warfare
Greeks Gain Independence
• Ottoman Empire
controlled most of the
Balkan region.
• Greeks fought for
independence with
nationalist motivation
• Europe supported
Greek independence
and helped them win.
More Nationalistic Revolutions
• Belgium – declared independence from Dutch
rule in 1830
• Italy – unification attempt (revolt against
Austrian, Papal, and independent rule)
• Poland – revolt against Russia
• Austria – Metternich (Congress of Vienna)
resigned, Liberal revolts throughout Austria.
• France – Third Republic moderate constitution
called for a parliament and strong president
Reform in Russia
• Russia is not industrialized (still under feudal
system) was not economically advanced.
• Alexander II, Czar of Russia, moved Russia
towards modernization and social change.
– 1861 Freed the serfs (twisted fate) but still tied to
the land
• Alexander III encouraged industrialization to
expand Russia’s power.
Comprehension Check
• 1. True or False: Conservatives wanted to
protect the ideals of the French Revolution—
liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
• 2. True or False: Greece gained independence
from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800s.
• 3. Define Nationalism in your own words.
• 4. Give one positive result of nationalism.
• 5. Give one negative result of nationalism.
Nationalism Case Study:
Italy and Germany
Chapter 8, Section 3
Nationalism: Unity or Disunity?
• People believed a single “nationality” (ancestry or
culture) should unite under a single government.
– How could this idea of nationalism unite or separate a
country or people?
Nationalism Shakes Empires
• Austrian Empire
– VERY diverse kingdom
– Austria-Hungary Empire, separate nations, but ruled
by same government
• Russian Empire
– Russification: imposed Russian culture on all the
ethnic groups  fueled nationalist feelings and
helped to separate Russia
• Ottoman Empire
– Broke apart after WWI
– Armenian genocide
Case Study: Italy
• Camillo di Cavour: Sardinia’s Prime Minister
– His goal was to unify Italy under the rule of the
kingdom of Sardinia.
– Used the help of France to gain control of Northern
Italy from Austria.
– Refer to textbook page 260: “Unification of Itay, 18581870”
• Giuseppe Garibaldi: led an army of nationalists
through Sicily to take over control & unite Italy
– Gave authority to Sardinia to rule Sicily and unite Italy
completely.
Case Study: Germany
• Prussia leads German unification.
– Prussia had a majority of Germans—nationalism
worked in their favor.
– Strong army to control militarily.
• Otto von Bismarck was Wilhelm I’s Prime minister
of Prussia – realpolitik = “politics of reality”
– “It is not by means of speeches and majority
resolutions that the great issues of the day will be
decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and
1849—but by blood and iron” (WARFARE)
Otto von Bismarck
Realpolitiks of Bismarck
• Bismarck was clever at staging events that would
ultimately make Prussia stronger or Germans
more nationalistic.
• Example: Franco-Prussian War
– Bismarck said the French ambassador had insulted the
Prussian king.
– France declared war on Prussia in retaliation.
– Siege of Paris until French surrender.
– Victory was the final stage of German unification
– Wilhelm I declared Kaiser Wilhelm in 1871—the ruler
of the Second Reich of Germany.
Comprehension Check
• 1. True or False: The wide diversity of Austria
created nationalistic feelings that helped to unify
the country.
• 2. True or False: Russification was the process of
imposing Russian culture on ethnic minorities.
• 3. Who helped Cavour unify Italy under the
Sardinian kingdom?
• 4. What country led the unification of Germany?
• 5. Who was the Prime Minister of Prussia?
Imperialism
Chapter 11, Sections 1 & 2
Imperialism in Africa
• Why Africa?
– Europeans believe they were superior—
nationalistic pride.
• Wanted to bring progress to “less advanced” countries.
– Last “frontier” of the world for Europeans to plant
flags and claim land for their country.
Case Study: Nigeria
• Gaining Control: diplomatic and military
means
– Local rulers agreed to sign treaties
– Others opposed foreign rule & rebelled
• Management: Govern & control the people
– 3 major ethnic groups: Huasa-Fulai, Igbo, and
Yoruba
• Indirect means of management through controlling
tribal leaders  some chiefs resented having their
power limited
African Resistance
• Did Africans have the ability to fight colonization?
(Not really…)
– Europeans had superior weapons
– Most Resistance movements failed, EXCEPT Ethiopia…
• Ethiopian Resistance – Menelik II
– Stockpiled modern weapons
– Ethiopia named as protectorate by Italians, but
Menelik II did not agree
– Battle of Adowa: defeated Italians and kept the nation
of Ethiopia INDEPENDENT.
Legacy of Colonial Rule
• Negative
– Africans lost control of their land
– Africans suffered a break down in cultural traditions
– Tribal warfare, disputes over control of lands, and
fights for power occurred after Europeans pulled out
of Africa
• Positive
– Humanitarian efforts improved living conditions in
Africa
– Economic growth for Europeans
Consequences of Imperialism
• Europeans were constantly fighting for rights
to colonies and resources. Some countries
almost at war over colonies..
– Distrusted each other and rivalries became to
develop very deeply
• Mistrust caused European countries to
stockpile arms, but that discussion is for
another day…
Comprehension Check
• 1. What was one of the reasons Europeans colonized
Africa?
• 2. True or False: Europeans never used military forced
to colonize and control Africa.
• 3. If you were the chief of an African tribe, how would
you feel about giving up your power to Europeans?
• 4. What African nation fought for independence
against Italy?
• 5. Was Ethiopia successful in its attempt to resist
European rule?
The Great War
1914-1918
Chapter 13
Marching Towards War
Section 1
Militarism
• The nations of Europe believed that to be truly
great, they needed to have a powerful
military.
• Competition from Imperialism  building up
armies and weaponry to defend territories
• GOAL: Quick mobilization (organize & move
troops) in case of war
• Militarism: term for all of the above or the
emphasis of keeping the military ready for war
“Powder Keg”
• Organizing and preparing for war made
countries anxious to use their militaries…
• “The entire able-bodied population are
preparing to massacre one another; though
no one wants to attack, an everybody protests
his love of peace and determination to
maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it
only requires some unforeseen incident, some
unpreventable accident, for the park to fall in
a flash…and blow all Europe sky-high.”
Alliances
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy
– Bismarck wanted to leave France with no allies,
allied with Austria-Hungary and Russia, then Italy
joined.
– When Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign,
treaty with Russia ended, and Russia jumped ship.
• Triple Entente: Russia, France, and Great
Britain
– Russia joining France would force Germany to
fight a “two front” war (east and west)
Crisis in the Balkans
• Balkans = “powder keg of Europe
• Ethnic groups broke away from Ottoman
control, creating chaos and new countries
• Austria and Serbia fighting for control of Slavic
groups = TENSION
– Nationalism causes a lot of troubles in the Balkan
region of Europe
It Only Takes a Spark
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand takes the throne of
Austria-Hungary in 1914.
• Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand,
shot the Archduke and his wife, Sophie, at
point blank range.
– Black Hand wanted to rid rule of Slavs by AustriaHungary.
• Austria declared war on July 28, 1914.
• Blood and Iron settle disputes, not
negotiations…
Comprehension Check
• 1. What was the goal of European countries
when they readied their militaries?
• 2. True or False: The Triple Alliance included the
countries of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy.
• 3. True or False: The Triple Entente included the
countries of Russia, Great Britain, and France.
• 4. True or False: Gavrilo Princip shot Otto van
Bismarck.
• 5. True or False: Serbia declared war on AustriaHungary on July 28, 1914.
Europe Plunges into War
Section 2
Chain Reaction
• Austria declares war on Serbia…
• Russia moves its army to the Russia-Austria
border & German border…
• Germany declares war on Russia & France…
• Great Britain declares war on Germany.
• Central Powers (Germany & Austria) versus
Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia)
• Most people thought the war would be short.
Bloody Stalemate
• Western Front = northern France; major
stalemate
• Germany’s strategy = Schlieffen Plan: Germans
would attack France in the west and rush to east
to attack Russia.
– Felt it would work because Russia lagged behind the
rest of Europe in railroads and supplying frontlines.
• Just when it seemed like a German victory in
Paris… Battle of the Marne = German retreat
– Battle of the Marne marked the collapse of the
Schlieffen Plan
Western Front
• Battle of the Marne defeated the Schlieffen Plan.
– Germans could not win a quick victory in the west.
• Trench Warfare – large loss of life for small gains
in land and victory
– “Slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed
mud”, rats, no food, sleep was impossible
– “No Man’s Land” – bombed out patches of land
between trenches; filled with mines and barbed wire
Eastern Front
• Russia was not industrialized like many
European countries.
– This made it hard for Russia to supply troops with
necessities.
– Short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots,
and blankets = Necessities!
– Numbers in Russian army helped Allies because
Germany had to divide its numbers between east
and west
New Weapons of War
• Poison Gas – soldiers
wore gas masks;
introduced by Germans;
blinded, severe blisters,
death by choking
• Machine Gun –
automatically fires
ammunition; made it
difficult to advance
• Tank – armored combat
vehicle, could travel
over different terrain
• Submarine –
underwater warship
that launched
torpedoes
• Plane Warfare – Ace
pilots, dropped bombs
Comprehension Check
• 1. Name one new weapon of war.
• 2. What battle defeated Germany’s Schlieffen
plan?
• 3. True or False: Russia had a hard time
supplying troops because they were not
industrialized.
• 4. What was the Schlieffen plan?
• 5. True or False: Most people in Europe were
prepared for the war to be long.
A Global Conflict
Section 3
U.S. Enters the War
• Sinking of the Lusitania – May 7, 1915
– British cruise liner—Americans on board
– hit by a U-boat = German submarine
• 1917, Germany policy of unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
– Sank 3 more American ships
– Naval blockade of Great Britain
• Zimmerman Telegram – To Mexico from Germany
– “Reconquer” land Mexico lost to US, if Mexico would ally
itself with Central Powers
War Affects the Home Front
• Total War – all resources devoted to the war
– Governments told manufacturers what to produce
• mostly ammunition, every person put to work
– Rationing: goods in short supply, could only buy small
amounts of items needed for war
• Food, shoe leather, metal, etc.
– Propaganda: Government tried to stop anti-war
activity
• Censoring news about war
• Advertisements made to keep up morale and support for the
war
Propaganda
Allies Win the War
• Russia withdraws – Stalin, communist dictator,
offers a truce with Germany
• Central Powers collapse – Germany tried to put
all its forces on the Western front and take Paris,
but it failed because the supplies and men were
exhausted.
• November 9, 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped
down and Germany was made a republic
• 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month, 1918 – Armistice
Day = Veteran’s Day Holiday (11/11/1918)
Legacy of WWI
• New technologies
• Idea of war on a global scale
• Almost an entire generation of Europeans
wiped out – civilians’ and soldiers’ death
• Economic impact -- $338 billion dollar cost
• Disillusionment about society
• Anger and resentment over peace treaties
Comprehension Check 13-3
• 1. True or False: World War I was only fought by
countries in Europe.
• 2. True or False: Governments asked citizens to
ration in order to help the war effort.
• 3. True or False: Propaganda was used by the
government to protest the war and urge anti-war
movements.
• 4. Why is November 11, 1918 important and
celebrated as a holiday?
• 5. List ONE of the legacies of WWI.
A Flawed Peace
Section 4
Debating Peace
• The Big Four: made most of the decisions
– U.S. – Woodrow Wilson, President
– France – Georges Clemenceau
– Great Britain – David Lloyd George
– Italy – Vittorio Orlando
– Where’s Russia? Russian Revolution caused chaos;
therefore, no representative.
Fourteen Points
• Wilson’s plan for achieving and maintaining peace
in the world… Self-Determination
–
–
–
–
–
No secret treaties
Freedom of the Seas
Free trade
Reduced national armies and navies
Adjustment of colonial claims & fair treatment of
colonists
– “General Association of Nations” = League of Nations
(much like United Nations today)
• Peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts
Treaty of Versailles
• Great Britain & France wanted to weaken
Germany. How?
– Germany lost A LOT of territory, restrictions on
military operations
– Blamed Germany for WWI = pay $$ to the Allies
for reparation ($33 billion, to be exact)
– Caused bitterness and betrayal among the
countries involved in WWI (winners and losers)
New Nations Created
• Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Ottoman Empire) lost huge amounts of
land
• Austria-Hungary Empire = Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
• Ottoman Empire only retained Turkey
• Poland and Romania gained land from Russia
– Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania carved out of Russia
“A Peace Built on Quicksand”
• Treaty did little to build a lasting peace
• United States rejected the Treaty of Versailles
– Americans did not like Wilson’s League of Nations
– Americans felt the US’s best hope for peace was to
stay out of European affairs
• “War guilt” clause caused bitterness and
resentment
• Peace treaties were not upheld
• These things not being resolved led to World War
II…
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions
League of Nations
Territorial Losses
Military Restrictions War Guilt
•International
peace organization;
enemy and neutral
nations initially
excluded
•Germany and
Russia excluded
•Germany returns
Alsace-Lorraine to
France; French
border extended to
west bank of Rhine
River
•Germany
surrenders all its
overseas colonies in
Africa and the
Pacific
•Limits set on size
of German army
•Germany
prohibited from
important or
manufacturing
weapons or war
material
•Germany
forbidden to build
or buy submarines
or have an air force
•Sole responsibility
for war placed on
Germany
•Germany forced to
pay Allies $33
billion in
reparations over 30
years
Comprehension Check 13-4
• 1. True or False: George Clemenceau proposed
the Fourteen Points and League of Nations.
• 2. True or False: The Treaty of Versailles officially
ended World War I.
• 3. True or False: Austria-Hungary was blamed for
starting WWI and forced to pay Allies.
• 4. True or False: Germany did not lose any of its
territory after WWI.
• 5. True or False: The Treaty of Versailles did not
create lasting peace.