Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact Objectives p. 121 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 a.d. by a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire; b) identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy; c) characterizing Byzantine art and architecture and the preservation of Greek and Roman traditions; d) explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church; e) assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern Europe. Essential Understandings p. 122 1. The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages. 2. As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe. 3. Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity Greek Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a unique 4. style of art and architecture. 5. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire. 6. The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division. 7. Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture, and trade. Essential Questions p. 122 1. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire? 2. What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and later legal codes? 3. What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy? 4. What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture? 5. How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire? 6. What factors produced the division within the Christian Church? 7. Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia and Eastern Europe? Why do I need to know this? p. 122 1. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern Christianity. 2. The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunderstandings that still exist today. Byzantine Foundations p. 123 Constantinople p. 123 Reasons Constantinople is a great location for the Capitol of the Byzantine Empire 1. located far away enough from the Germanic invasions of the West 2. was a crossroads of trade on the Bosporus Strait 3. could protect the rich Eastern provinces more easily 4. easily protected Germanic Invasions of the Roman Empire Byzantine Empire 477 Constantinople Cultural Blend p. 123 1. mostly Greek, but the emperor and noble families were Roman and spoke Latin 2. Christianity morphed into Eastern Orthodoxy 3. heavily influenced by Persia Eastern Orthodox Countries Eastern Orthodox Priests The Emperors p. 123 1. the emperors had absolute Power 2. head of state and of the Church 3. lived with fear of assassination (29 of 88 died violently – 13 abandoned the throne for the monastery) Emperor Justinian p. 123-125 Theodora p. 123 Theodora – Strong Woman 1. Justinian’s wife – married her in spite of objections 2. 532 AD, Theodora kept Justinian from fleeing during the Nika Rebellion a. 30,000 people were killed 3. Helped oversee the reconstruction of Constantinople after the Nika Rebellion 4. Expanded women’s rights Military Campaigns p. 123 1. Italy, North Africa, and Spain a. general Belisarius strengthened and reorganized the army b. 533-555 fought a series of wars and won; reconquered old western Roman lands 2. conquests did not last and empire lost many of its territories Byzantine Empire 530 Byzantine Empire under Justinian 565 Byzantine Empire 600 Byzantine Empire 700 Justinian’s Accomplishments p. 123 1. the Justinian Code – four-part work that simplified the law code of the Byzantine Empire (cut out 66% of the original law code) a. decided issues such as marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights and crimes b. served the Byzantine Empire for 900 years c. became the basis for law codes in Europe Justinian’s Accomplishments …continued p. 125 2. Justinian had the fortifications of Constantinople repaired a. 14 mile stone wall that surrounded Constantinople on the three sides that faced water b. three walls on the land side – biggest one was 25 feet thick with towers 70 feet tall 3. Hagia Sophia in Constantinople a. beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s building program 4. Justinian also built aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals a. mosaics decorated churches as well as government buildings b. the libraries preserved Greek and Roman knowledge 5. Justinian expanded trade and made Constantinople very wealthy Fortifying Constintinople Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia Hippodrome Mosaic Byzantine Religion p. 125 Church and State p. 125 1. emperors were crowned by the patriarch (bishop of Constantinople) 2. sometimes persecuted Jews and non-Greek Christians Use of Icons p. 125 1. Byzantine Empire worshipped icons (religious images) until 730 when emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches a. iconoclasts broke into churches to destroy icons 2. resistors were supported by Church of Rome which approved of using icons in religious ceremonies 3. the pope supported the use of icons and excommunicated the emperor Conflict with Rome p. 125 1. Germanic Lombards invaded Italy and Byzantine emperor refused to help 2. pope turned to Germanic Franks (who had converted to Christianity in 496)for help, crowned Charlemagne as emperor; title only a Byzantine ruler could grant 3. 1054 – schism (division of the churches); Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Charlemagne Coronation History of Christianity Byzantines Missionaries Convert the Slavs p. 125 1. the Catholics and Orthodox began competing for souls 2. monasteries and convents were established 3. Cyril and Methodius were missionaries who translated Bible a. created the Cyrillic alphabet so that Slavs could read the Bible and would accept Christianity Russian Alphabet Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire p. 127 The Plague p. 127 1. first recorded outbreak of the Bubonic Plague struck the early 500s 2. probably spread from rats from a trade ship from India 3. resurfaced every 8 to 12 years until the 700s 4. nearly wiped out 50% of the population of the Byzantine population Bubonic Plague Military Attacks p. 127 1. began facing constant attacks from all sides 2. by 700 – only Greek areas were left Fall of Constantinople p. 127 1. Ottoman Turks took Asia Minor 2. late 1300s – only Constantinople and immediate area left a. its walls, fleet and location helped it hold out 3. 1453 – Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul Byzantine Empire under Justinian 560 Byzantine Empire 630 Byzantine Empire 740 Byzantine Empire 1095 Byzantine Empire 1280 Byzantine Empire 1360 Byzantine Empire 1430 Russians Adopt Byzantine Culture p. 127 Land of Russia’s Birth p. 127 1. Slavs – people from the forests north of the Black Sea 2. 862, Rurik founded Novgorod 3. Oleg moved south to Kiev and began a principality 4. boyars – Russian nobles Kievan Russia Kiev Becomes Orthodox p. 127 1. Russia was in constant contact with the Byzantine Empire through trade routes that ran from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea 2. 957 Kievan Princess Olga paid a visit to Constantinople and converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) 3. 989 Olga’s grandson, Vladimir converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) and made all people in Kiev convert also Eastern Orthodox Countries Mongol Invasions Favor the Rise of Moscow p. 129 Kiev p. 129 Khanate of the Golden Horde 1. 1240, the Mongols demolished Kiev 2. ruled Russia for 200 years and called it the “Khanate of the Golden Horde” 3. allowed Russians to follow their usual customs as long as they made no signs of rebellion 4. Mongols demanded just two things from the Russians, slave-like obedience and massive amounts of tribute 5. Russia was cut off from Western Europe during this time Mongols Mongol Rule Serves Moscow’s Interests 1. Mongol rule helped unify Russia 2. Moscow began as a crude village a. located near three rivers – Volga, Dnieper and Don b. could lead to control of all of European Russia p. 129 Ivan the Great p. 129 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) 1. wanted to make Russia the “Third Rome” 2. adopted the title of czar (tsar) – the Russian form of Caesar 3. 1480, refused to pay tribute to the Mongols 4. helped Russia became independent from the Mongols Muscovite Russia Moscow Notebook Work p. 000 p. 129 – You’ll need a book. Compare/contrast the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The Directions will tell you which page to look on. p. 133 – DIRTy Definitions. a. do all the definitions (you may need the glossary from the book) b. do all the reminding words c. do at least half (3) of the illustrations Three Empires: Byzantine, Russian, Seljuk 565-1100 p. 131 DIRECTIONS: Please put the following places on your map where they belong. Use the map in your book on page 267. Bodies of Water Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Countries Spain Scandinavia England Continents Europe Cities Empires Constantinople Kiev Byzantine Empire 565 A.D. Mediterranean Sea Caspian Sea France Persia Germany Arabia Asia Africa Baghdad Rome Novgorod Kievan Russia 1100 A.D.