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Answer the following questions in your notebook.
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What assassination sparked an armed conflict between
Austria-Hungary and Serbia that resulted in the First
World War?
Name at least two factors that may have played a role in
starting the First World War.
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a two-front war with
which two nations?
The neutrality of which European state was violated
when Germany invaded France in 1914?
What was the name of the mutual defensive alliance
formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy?
What was the mutual defense alliance between Britain,
France and Russia called?
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Define Chapter 26 key vocabulary terms (25): alliance,
entente, militarism, ultimatum, mobilize, neutrality, stalemate,
zeppelin, U-boat, convoy, total war, conscription, contraband,
propaganda, atrocity, self-determination, armistice,
pandemic, reparations, radicals, collective security, mandate,
proletariat, soviet, and commissar
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Identify the following people, places, and events: Alsace and
Lorraine, Dardanelles, Lusitania, Fourteen Points, Treaty of
Versailles, Nichols II, Rasputin, Vladimir Lenin, Bolsheviks,
and Treaty of Brest Litovsk,
WORLD WAR I
1914-1924
Prelude to World War
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Population Explosion
Industrial Revolution
Nationalism
Militarism
Technology
Defensive Alliances
Military Alliances
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Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
Triple Entente (1907)- Great Britain,
France, and Russia
Tension Leading to War
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Moroccan Crises
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1905
1911
Balkan Crisis
WORLD WAR I
1914-1918
Crisis in the Balkans
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Austria-Hungary (multinational state)
Nationalism in the Balkans
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Pan-Slavism
Desire to develop a united Slavic nation (Yugoslavia)
A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
st
1 Balkan War, 1912
nd
2 Balkan War, 1913
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Sophia
The Black Hand/Serbian Nationalists
Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, June 28, 1914
Gavrilo Princip
Declarations of War
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A-H wished to take action against Serbia
Germany supported A-H
A-H declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914
Russia mobilized against Germany and A-H
Germany declared war on Russia and France
Germany mobilized against France and violated
Belgian neutrality (Schlieffen Plan)
Britain declared war on Germany for breaking
Belgian neutrality
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
World War I Alliances
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Allied Powers- Great Britain, France,
Russia, Serbia, Belgium, and later Japan
and Montenegro
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Central Powers- Austria-Hungary,
Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire.
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Italy?
World War I and
its Destruction
1914-1918
Total War- a war that involves complete
mobilization of troops and materials over
large areas. The war affects the lives of all
citizens in the warring countries, even those
remote from the battlefields.
Mobilization- the process of assembling
troops and supplies and making them ready
for war.
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
The Battle of the Marne
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The Germans were advancing NE of Paris
The French army organized a force to resist
the Germans
The Germans retreated (only about 50 miles
from Paris) and dug trenches
The Western Front was created
Trench Warfare
war of attrition- a war in which each side tries
to wear the other down by constant attack
The Western Front
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Cross-Section of a Trench
Life in the Trenches
Trench Foot
Rats in the Trenches
Body Lice
The End to War
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Russia’s withdrawal from the war in 1918
U.S. entry into the war in 1917
Spring 1917- France was weakening, British and
German reserves were diminishing
March 1918- the Germans launched a final offensive
against the Allies, gaining considerable ground
July 1918- Second Battle of the Marne
With the aid of U.S. troops, the Allies launched an
effective counterattack that continued until September,
1918
The resistance of the Central Powers in other areas of
the war crumbled
November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice
The Paris Peace Conference
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January 1919
delegates from 27 nations attended
Representatives from the Central Powers
and Russia were not included
The “Big Four”
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Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France
Prime Minister David Lloyd-George of Britain
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
President Woodrow Wilson of the United States
Wilson’s idealism and Europe’s nationalism
The Big Four
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
Italy
President Woodrow Wilson
United States
Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau
France
Prime Minister David Lloyd-George
Great Britain
Woodrow Wilson and the Restoration
of Peace
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
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freedom of the seas and of trade
reduction of military weapons
an end to all secret alliances
self-rule for all nations
“general assembly of all nations”
“no annexations, no contributions, and no
punitive damages”
France and Britain demanded reparations
WWI Casualties
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9 million soldiers killed
21 million soldiers wounded
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Around 30 million soldiers killed or wounded
13 million civilians died from disease and
starvation
Armenians?
The war destroyed Europe
Governments went bankrupt
Revolution was rife in Eastern Europe
A new Europe had to be formed
The Treaty of Versailles
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June 28, 1919
War Guilt Clause
Reduced the size of the German army
Prohibited Germany from manufacturing
major war weapons
Reduced Germany’s territorial size
Germany was required to pay extensive
reparations
Restructuring of Austria-Hungary
Restructuring of Europe
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Germany developed deep resentment in
response their loss of the war and Allied
treatment after the armistice.
The Treaty of Versailles left Germany weak
and humiliated.
This resentment, which lingered for over two
decades, later resulted in even greater
violence in the form of German Nazism.
The Russian Revolution
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The First World War and Russia
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The Russians were not prepared for total war
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No competent military leaders
Russian industry
Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra
 Gregorian Rasputin
*Continued military and economic disasters created
tremendous discontent among the people of
Russia.
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The March Revolution
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Working-class women in St. Petersburg demanded
“peace and bread”
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Provisional Government- March 12, 1917
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Nicholas II was encouraged to abdicate
Alexander Kerensky
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Continuation of the war
Kerensky made a poor call in continuing the war
Problems:
Workers and peasants wanted peace
soviets (council of workers and soldiers) emerged
all over Russia
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Bolsheviks
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The Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin
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Opposed capitalism
Advocated violent revolution as a means to
effect positive change
Lenin’s Promises:
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918)
Assassination of the royal family
Civil War (1918-1922)
Red Terror
Test Preparation
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Study all of Chapter 26
Be well familiar with Chapter 26 vocabulary
words
Review and study all notes
Review questions from All Quiet on the
Western Front
The test will be comprised of 50 objective
questions (multiple choice, true and false)
and four (4) subjective short answer
questions.