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Chapter 11:
Jeffersonian Republic
1800-1812
Attack Campaign in 1800 Election
The bible would be cast
Into the bonfire, our holy
Worship changed into a
Dance of Jacobin phrensy,
Our wives and daughters
Dishonored, and our sons
Converted into disciples of
Voltaire and the dragoons
Of Marat. Reverend Dwight
The 1800 Election put the Federalist candidate Adams up against the
Democratic Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. Federalists
Attacked Jefferson throughout the campaign.
Attack Campaign
 However,
the Democratic-Republicans
were no better. As evidenced by the
following:
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_zTN4
BXvYI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_
mode=1&safe=active
1800 Election Results
(16 states in the Union)
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
DemocraticRepublican
73
52.9%
Aaron Burr
New York
DemocraticRepublican
73
52.9%
John Adams
Massachusetts
Federalist
65
47.1%
Charles Pinckney
South Carolina
Federalist
64
46.4%
John Jay
New York
Federalist
1
0.7%
Total Number of Electors
138
Total Electoral Votes Cast
276
Number of Votes for a
Majority
70
1800 Election Results
Adams
Jefferson
1800 Election Results
(Into the House of Representatives!!)
 1 vote for each State 
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
Democratic-Republican
10
62.5%
Aaron Burr
New York
Democratic-Republican
4
25.0%
Blank
-------
2
12.5%
Election of 1800





Thomas Jefferson and Aaron
Burr each received 73
electoral votes.
Though the Jeffersonians won
control of Congress, for ten
weeks the lame duck,
Federalists still controlled the
legislative branch.
Who will be the president?
The Constitution requires that
in case of a tie, the House will
vote, state-by state, with each
state getting one vote each.
Because there were 16 states,
candidates would
Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the
Electoral vote. What happens?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s
HEDXzOfENI&feature=youtube_gd
ata_player&safety_mode=true&pers
ist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Election of 1800


Lame- Duck federalists
preferred Burr.
After exhausting debated,
a few Federalists voters,
despairing of electing
Burr and hoping for
moderation from
Jefferson, refrained from
voting. This allowed
Jefferson to win,


As a result, John Adams
is the last Federalist
president.
Jefferson claims that
1800 election was a
“revolution” on par with
1776. he thought it was a
return to the original spirit
of the revolution (even
though some 250 votes
changed in New York
would have given the
election to Adams)
Real Revolution

The REAL revolution: Peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist
party to the Democratic-Republicans. First major transfer of power in
the young nation and it was proof that the republican experiment was
working.
 What





The Federalists had Contributed:
Strengthened the Federal Government
Established a sound fiscal system
diversified the economy
reached an accommodation with Great Britain
Refused to get caught up in the French
Jeffersonian Republic
 Jefferson




as President
Jefferson promised his countrymen a “wise
and frugal government”
Noted for his moderation—respected the view
of the political minority. He was committed to
cooling partisan passions. In particular, many
Federalists kept their jobs in the government
He repealed the tax on Whiskey
He made cuts in the military budgets—the
proposed 40 warships was reduced to 8.
Jeffersonian Republic





Reduced the national debt by 25% in eight years
Repealed the Naturalization Act
Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire of their
own accord in 1801 and 1802.
Jefferson held many informal dinner parties which
helped him to become friends with many important
congressmen, which helped him build support for his
programs.
However, easy to quote one Jefferson to refute the
other. The rigors and demands of the presidency made
it difficult for him to follow his intellectual and idealistic
theories.
Jefferson
 First





moves in office:
Allowed Sedition Acts to expire naturally and pardoned those
punished under it.
Changed the Naturalization Law from 14 years to the more
reasonable 5 years
Quickly eliminated the excise tax, thought it bred bureaucrats
and was unfair on farmers
• Left budget with a million dollars less
However, most of Hamilton’s financial reforms kept in place (did
not tamper with paying at par and assumption, no attack on the
bank, and kept the tariffs in place
Albert Gallatin was Secretary of the Treasury, Swiss-born. Very
gifted and worked hard to eliminate state debt.
Jefferson
 Revolution

of 1800-
Peaceful transfer of power, and by keeping
the bulk of the Federalists major programs, it
proved that a change in political power would
not be disastrous to the nation. Jefferson’s
moderation in change proved this and sets an
important precedence.
Judiciary Act of 1801
 Judiciary
Act of 1801 was one of the last
laws passed by Federalists.





16 new federal judgeships
Adams signed 3 judges into office after 9 PM his last day of
office.
New judges called “midnight judges.”
Democratic-Republicans hated the Act because they saw it as a
Federalist attempt to entrench Federalist judges and control the
judicial branch.
So, they repealed it once they took office and eliminated the 16
judgeships
John Marshall




Nominated Chief Justice of
Supreme Court in 1801 and
served to 1835
2nd Cousin of Thomas
Jefferson, but they were rivals
Federalist who served at
Valley Forge. His experience
in war shaped his belief of the
need for a strong Central
Government
Ghost of Hamilton because for
34 years, served under nonFederalist presidents, but he
passed Federalist rulings.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TVkeRUvX_U
Marbury v. Madison


William Marbury, named
Justice of the Peace in
D.C.(Adams) Sued for
delivery of his
commission.
Marshall dismissed his
suit because he knew
that the writ would never
be delivered by
Jeffersonians

But he ruled that the
Judiciary Act of 1789
that Marbury based
his appeal was
unconstitutional.
Stated that the Act
tried to give powers to
the Supreme Court
that the Constitution
had not forseen.
Judicial Review



Marshall’s ruling established
Judicial review.
Idea that it is the Supreme
Court’s right and role to
determine questions of
constitutionality. The Supreme
Court can void acts of
Congress deemed
unconstitutional
What did Jefferson do in
retaliation? Why is that
important?
Barbary Wars


Jefferson wanted to
reduce the military
establishment, and have
a force of only 2500 men.
Goal was to save, but
also be an example to the
world that war was futile
and he wanted to win
friends through peaceful
coercion



Republicans also
distrusted large armies
because they might
attract dictatorships.
Navy ok, but he still
reduced the naval
expenditures.
However, Barbary Wars
forced his hand and he
sent in the Navy without
congressional consent.
Barbary Wars

Pasha of Tripoli
declared war because
he wanted more
tribute money
 Jefferson, the pacifist,
noninterventionist,
critic of big ship navy
sent in the navy. In
1805, peace treaty
signed that cost
$60,000
Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon gets
Louisiana from the
King of Spain.
 Bad news for United
States


In 1802, Spain denies right
of deposit in New Orleans.
Dilemma for Jefferson.
Spain he could defeat, but
France more difficult and
would need allies.

In 1803, sent James
Monroe to meet
regular minister,
Livingston, in Paris.
Buy New Orleans and
as much land as
possible for 10 million
dollars.
 If not, negotiate with
British for a future ally
Louisiana Purchase

Toussaint
L’Ouverture, leads a
slave revolt in Santo
Domingo. This
discourages
Napoleon from his
dreams of North
American Empire.

Napoleon feared also
giving Louisiana to
Britain in peace
negotiations, so he
decided to sell it to
the Americans and
pocket money for his
schemes in Europe.
Louisiana Purchase

So, Livingston and
Monroe negotiated to
buy all the land for a
mere 15 million, or 3
cents an acre.
 However, Jefferson
stricken by the deal.
Another example of
the two Jeffersons.
Why?
Louisiana Purchase

Valley of Democracy is how Jefferson
envisioned the Louisiana Territory.
 People who lived in Louisiana were not treated
as Vassal States, but on basis of equal
membership.
 This is an important precedent and imperialism
with a new and democratic face

For example, in Louisiana, French Civil code was
allowed to remain and not Ehglish Common law.
Louisiana Purchase
 Washington’s
idea of isolationism was also
present in the purchase



Avoided conflict with France and also stayed
out of any alliances with Britain
Made Washington’s policy more realistic in
practice
Last remnant of significant European power
(except Britain in Canada) removed from
United States.
Lewis and Clark

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,
commissioned by Jefferson to explore the
northern Louisiana territory (2.5 years
expedition). Sacagawea, a Shoshoni woman
accompanied them.



Ascended the Missouri, struggled through the
Rockies, and descended the Columbia River to the
Pacific
Adventure brought back scientific observations,
maps, knowledge of Native Americans, and tons of
adventure stories.
Also showed the viability of an overland route to the
Pacific ocean.
Aaron Burr





Jefferson dropped Burr from
his cabinet in his second term.
So, Burr decides to join a
group of Federalist extremists
and have New England and
New York secede from the
Union.
Hamilton foils the conspiracy.
This enrages Burr, who
challenges Hamilton to a duel
(standard 19th century
procedure, when angry, duel)
http://vimeo.com/1478
5659
The Duel

Hamilton felt his
honor was at stake,
so he agreed to the
duel.
 At the duel, Hamilton
decided to not fire or
to miss deliberately.
 Burr, not so kind, shot
and killed Hamilton.




Burr, whose career is dead
now, decides to plot with
General James Wilkinson to
separate the western part of
the United States.
Plot foiled again and Wilkinson
bailed at the last minute
Burr was tried for treason. But
found not guilty, needed proof
of overt acts of treason, not
just treasonous intentions.
So Burr fled to Europe, where
he tried to scheme to get
Britain and France to attack
the Untied States
Election of 1804

Jefferson wins
reelection with 162
electoral votes to 14.
 However, his second
term will be much
more difficult, mostly
due to the war
between France and
Britain.
Napoleonic Wars

So, Britain controlled
the seas and
Napoleon and France
controlled Europe and
the land. So they had
to make indirect
blows towards each
other.

British


Closed all European
ports under French
control to foreign
shipping, unless the
ship stopped in Britain
first.
France

Ordered the seizure of
all merchant ships
entering British ports
So, what does this mean…



So, the United States was
stuck. Trading with either
country would mean facing
their opponents guns.
Furthermore, British used
impressments and forced
sailors to serve in the
majesty’s navy.
From 1808 to 1811, 6,000 U.S.
citizens were forced to serve
and many died or were killed.

Chesapeake Incident



10 miles of the coast of
Virginia, the British seized
the U.S. frigate the
Chesapeake.
British captain demanded 4
deserters. American
captain refused.
British captain fired three
broadsides at close range,
killing three and wounding
18.
Embargo Act


War was out of the
question.
Jefferson gambled that
France and Britain relied
heavily on American
goods, so he instituted an
embargo, and force both
Britain and France to
respect America’s
neutrality.

Embargo Act of 1807
passed by Congress



Forbade the export of all
goods from the United
States.
Embodied idea of peaceful
coercion championed by
Jefferson
New England
manufacturing devastated
and agrarian south and
west had piles of
unexportable goods.
Embargo Act



Many viewed Jefferson’s
Embargo Act as waging war
on Americans and not the
French and British.
In 1808, illegal trade
mushroomed along the
Canadian border
Jefferson convinced Congress
to pass very tyrannical
legislation enforcing the
Embargo Act




Jefferson convinced Congress
to pass very tyrannical
legislation enforcing the
Embargo Act
Federalist party was revived
and there was talk of New
England secession
Embargo act was repealed
March 1, 1809
Replaced with the NonIntercourse Act.

Trade open with the world
except France and Britain
Embargo Act’s failure


1. Underestimated the
British
2. Overestimated Britain’s
and France’s reliance on
American goods

Latin America traded with
Britain and Napoleon
controlled all of Europe


Jefferson miscalculated
the difficulty of enforcing
the Embargo Act and also
how much it would be
hated.
But, as usual, New
Englanders were
resourceful, and opened
old factories and built
new ones. Foundations
of American industry laid
during the Embargo.
James Madison

Elected President in 1808
and took oath of office
March 4, 1809.




Scholarly man, very small
and weak voiced.
Presidency crippled by
factions in his own party
and cabinet
Had to deal with the
waging war in Europe and
difficult relations with
British
How many more votes did
the Federalists get in
1808?
Macon’s Bill
• A dangle—if either Britain or France repealed its
commercial restrictions, America would restore its
embargo against the nonrepealing nations
• To Madison the bill was a shameful capitulation
• Word came from Napoleon’s foreign minister that
the French decrees might be repealed if Britain
also lifted it Orders in Council
• Madison knew not to trust Napoleon, but he
gambled.
Macon’s Bill
• That the threat of seeing the United States trade
exclusively with France would lead the British to
repeal their restrictions—and vice versa
• The terms of Macon’s Bill gave the British 3
months to live up to their promise of revoking the
Orders in Council and reopening the Atlantic to
neutral trade
• They did not. Madison’s gamble failed.