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Unit 4
Global Age (1450 – 1770)
The Ming Dynasty (text page 462)
1368 - 1644
(the end of Mongul
Rule)

Geography of China
 Agrarian
Society
(Farming)
 Terrace Farming on
the hillsides
 Monsoons provide
the needed moisture
for growing rice
China & Ethnocentrism
 Chinese
thought of themselves as superior to all
other people (Foreigners = Barbarians).
Heaven
Chinese Middle Kingdom
Barbarians
China’s relationship with the West
Early in the Ming Dynasty, the Admiral Zheng He
established trade links with distant centers of trade
(commerce)
 Ex. Chinese artifacts dating back to the Ming Dynasty
were found by archeologists in Zimbabwe, Africa.
 The Chinese started to plant corn and sweet potatoes as a
result of contact with the west (The westerners acquired
corn and sweet potatoes from the Americas)

The Later Ming Years
 Ming
rulers wanted
to limit contact with
the West as a way to
preserve traditional
Chinese culture
Chinese Culture Spreads
 The
Koreans & Japanese learn from the Chinese.
 Examples: Buddhism, Confucianism, Tea
ceremony, Architecture (Pagoda), language
Middle East
What are some of the major
geographic features of the Middle
East?
 Mediterranean
 Red
Sea
Sea
 Persian Gulf
 Strait of Hormuz
History of the Middle East
 Early
river valley civilizations
 Mesopotamia
 Egypt
 Alexander
the Great (Hellenistic Age)
 Roman Empire
 Eastern Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
500AD - 1453
 Justianian
 Eastern
Orthodox
Religion
 Preserved Greco
Roman teachings
during the Middle
Ages.
Ottoman Empire
1453 – 1918 (text page 456)
 Overthrew
the
Byzantine Empire
(1453)
 An Islamic, nomadic
Turkish speaking
group
 By
the 1560, the
Ottoman Empire
included most of the
Eastern Mediterranean
region and Northern
Africa.
Istanbul
 The
Ottomans captured the city of
Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul
(remember, it once was Byzantium).
 This city has historically been a center for
trade because of its location between Europe
and Asia.
 The Ottomans disrupted established
European trade routes.
Sulieman the Magnificent
“…the Lawgiver”
Sultan – Turkish ruler who
ruled with absolute power
 Ruled the Ottoman Empire
from 1520 – 1566
 A patron of the arts
 Ruled during the
Ottoman’s “Golden Age”,

Expanded Ottoman territory
and centralized the government
Bureaucracy – organization
with many levels.
 Janissaries – Elite soldiers
fighting for the Sultan

 Law
was based on
the Sharia (Islamic
system of law)
Social Classes in the Ottoman Empire
Men of the Pen (educated)
Men of the Sword (warriors)
Men of Negotiation (merchants)
Men of Husbandry (farmers/herders)
The Ottomans & Religion
The two higher classes
were mostly Muslim
 There was religious
tolerance as long as
Islamic law was followed
 Many Mosques were built
throughout the empire

The Decline of the Ottomans
 European
advances
in technology and
internal disorder all
contributed to the
fall of the empire
Spain - 1492
On the eve of the encounter
 Reconquista
- The
Spanish succeeded
in driving all non
Catholic groups
from Spain.
 Ferdinand
&
Isabella had
increased Spanish
Territory to include
all of the Iberian
Peninsula except
Portugal
Spain - 1492
On the eve of the encounter
The Spanish Inquisition –
Church courts seeking to
purify Spain (get rid of all
non Catholics)
 Jews and Moors
(Muslims) were forced to
convert, move or be
executed.

Latin America &
Colonization
What does Latin America consist
of?
 Central America
and Mexico (also known
as MESOAMERICA)
 South America
Where does the term Latin America
come from?
 Since
the arrival of the Europeans, Spanish
and Portuguese are the dominant languages.
 Since both languages are derived from Latin,
the area has come to be known as Latin
America
Geography of Latin America
 Natural
Resources (Pre-Colombian) -Gold &
Silver
 Arable land
 Diversity of geographic features
Rivers (Amazon)
Mountains (Andes)
Traditional Economic Setting
 It
was an Agrarian
Society
 Crops grown
include: corn,
beans, sweet
potatoes, peppers,
and tomatoes
Mayas (300 - 900AD)
 Polytheistic
 Hieroglyphics
 Developed
complex
mathematical (number
system, understood the
concept of zero) and
calendar systems
Yucatan Peninsula
 The
Mayans farmed in
raised fields built in
cleared rain forests
Mayan Political System
 Developed
advanced
and complex societies
before the arrival of the
Europeans
 Government – Each
city with ruling chief
Aztec Civilization (1200 - 1500)
Text page 388 - 389
setting –
Emperor chosen by
nobles and priests
 Advanced medical
practices
 Political
Tenochtitlan – An example of urban
planning prior to European invasion
 Polytheistic
 Human
sacrifices
Social Classes in the Aztec Empire
(educated)
(warriors)
(merchants)
(farmers/herders)
Aztecs were defeated by the Spanish
Inca Civilization (1400 - 1500)
Inca Civilization
Adapted to life near the
Andes Mountains
 Terrace Farming
 Polytheistic
 Advanced medical
practices
(surgery/anesthetics)

Advanced road network
and communication
system
 Defeated by Pizzaro in
1535

Age of Exploration
Causes for the Age of Exploration
The Renaissance’s spirit
of questioning
 A desire to find a new
route to the riches of Asia
 Curiosity about the world
inspired by the Crusades
and the tales of Marco
Polo.

Technological Advances
 Advances
in
technology such as the
astrolabe (determines
the altitude of the sun)
and the compass made
ocean navigation more
exact.
Italian City-States
Had a monopoly on
existing Mediterranean
trade
 Had little interest in
investing in risky sea
explorations.
 Spain and Portugal would
lead the way in
exploration

Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator
 Set
up a school for
sailors
 Secured financing
for expeditions
 Sent explorers down
the coast of Africa
Bartholomeu Dias
 In
1488, Dias
reached the southern
tip of Africa, latter
called the Cape of
Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama
 In
1498 da Gama
rounded the tip of Africa
and reached India.
 The all-water route,
though long, was easier,
safer, and far more
profitable than over-land
routes.
Christopher Columbus
 Columbus
hoped to
find a route to the
east by sailing west.
 In 1492 he
discovered what
would become
known as “The New
World”.
The Voyages of Columbus
 Columbus
made three
voyages to the “New
World”.
 Between 1493-1496 he
attempted to set up a
colony on Hispaniola.
 The colony on
Hispaniola failed.
Ferdinand Magellan
 In
1519 Magellan's
crew completed the
first
circumnavigation of
the earth.
Ferdinand Magellan
 Magellan
reached
the Philippine
Islands in 1521.
 Magellan was killed
battling the
inhabitants of a
Philippine Island.
England and France
 Spain
and Portugal
remained concentrated
in South and Central
America.
 The exploration of
North America was
conducted by England
and France.
Results of Exploration
 Overseas
expansion led to increased power
and wealth for European powers
 Christianity and the culture of Western
Europe spread throughout the world.
 The ethnocentric attitudes of Europeans led
to the mistreatment of native peoples.
 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began
Spanish Empire
 Why
did the Spanish want to possess Latin
America? (mercantilism)
 Raw materials (Precious metals, farm products)
 Markets (another place for the Spanish to trade
with)
Mercantilism
 Economic
system during the Age of Exploration,
Colonialism and/or Imperialism whereby trade was
controlled by the mother country.
 The mother country would gain wealth by either
exploiting the precious metals (taking the
gold/silver like the Spanish or controlling trade of
the colony so that the colony was not allowed to
trade with any other country)
Social Classes in Spanish Colonies
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Native Americans
Free Blacks
Slaves
Spanish Colonial Social Hierarchy
 The
Spanish colonies had a rigid social
hierarchy in that people could not move up
the social ladder.
The Roman Catholic Church
Had close ties with
government, enjoyed huge
land grants
 Controlled many aspects
of life including
education, hospitals, and
providing services for the
poor
 Bartelome De LaCases

Haciendas

Large self sufficient
estates
The Enconmienda System
 System
of forced labor in Latin America
 The Spanish were given lands for serving the King
and the Native Americans were forced to work the
land.
 Conditions were harsh and many Native
Americans died
 The loss of workers led to the slave trade.
Colonial Economic Setting
 Mercantilism-
Mother country controls trade and
exploits the resources of the colony to increase its
own wealth (ex. The Spanish took millions of
pounds of gold and silver from the Americas).
 The colony provides the raw materials.
 The manufacturing is done in the mother country
and a finished product is sold back to the colony.
Middle Passage
The voyage from Africa to
the Americas on the slave
ships.
 Millions of people died on
the way from disease,
mistreatment and suicide.
 Survivors worked on
plantations

The Colombian Exchange

Corn and potatoes were
introduced to Europe after
explorers returned with
them from their voyages
to the Americas (Medieval
Europe: Question 2 of 21) .
Movement
 Remember,
a thematic essay could be about
movement, an estimated 11 million people had
been sent to the Americas.
 A person’s customs, beliefs travel with a person so
you have cultural diffusion following movement.
 Which
system developed as a result of the
Commercial Revolution
 a)
manorialism
c) bartering
 b)
communism
d) market economy
In many Latin American nations, a major effect of colonial
rule has been the
 a)
concentration of power in a small group of

landowners
 b)
minor political role of the military
 c)
equal distribution of wealth among social classes
 d)
economic control held by the Indian population

Question 28 of 28 Age of
Exploration
The printing press, the astrolabe, and the Mercator
projection were technological advances that contributed to
the
 a)
exploration and overseas expansion of the colonial

empires
 b)
unification of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s
 c)
growth of industry in Latin America during the late

1900’s
 d)
spread of Islam in the 700’s and 800’s

Absolutism
 Political
Ideology in
Europe & abroad
 The monarch has
complete power
Absolutism in Mughal India
1500’s – 1600’s
 Akbar
 Empire
the Great –-Strong stable ruler
fell due to weak successors & Spread of
French and English influence
Absolutism in Spain
 Charles
V (Hapsburg)– Ruled 1519-1556
 Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
 Ruled Spain, as well as Holy Roman Empire
Spain (Continued)
II –Ruled with absolute power from
1556-1598.
 Believed in divine right rule (The belief that
the right to rule comes from God).
 Did much to promote a golden age in Spain.
 Philip
Absolutism in France
1600s – France takes the place of Spain as the
most powerful nation in Europe
 Late
The Bourbons
Louis XIII
1610-1643
 Louis
was the 2nd
Bourbon king.
 Gained the throne at
the age of 9.
 Sickly and timid he
allowed Cardinal
Richelieu to run the
country.
Cardinal Richelieu
Believed in the Divine
Right of Kings.
 Richelieu became Premier
Minister to Louis XIII in
1624.
 Louis exiled his mother
rather than give up his
valuable minister.

Cardinal Richelieu
Under Richelieu:
1. Monarchy gained absolute
control.
2. The nobility was brought
under the control of the
king.
.

Louis XIV
The Sun King
Claimed the Divine Right
of Kings (The belief that
the King gets the authority
to rule from God).
 “ I am the State”

The Palace of Versailles
Took 47 years to build
 The cost may have
exceeded 100 million
dollars.
 Versailles had enough
rooms to house 10,000
people.

The Palace of Versailles

During a time when many
French people did not
have shelter or enough to
eat, Louis XIV built the
lavish Palace of Versailles
outside of Paris.
The Palace of Versailles
The palace served two
purposes.
 Louis hosted huge
banquets and encouraged
his nobles to stay at
Versailles so as to keep an
eye on them.

Jacques Boussuet

“What grandeur that a
single man should embody
so much!… Behold this
holy power, paternal and
absolute, contained in a
single head: you see the
image of God in the king,
and you have the idea of
royal majesty.”
Leading church official of
France in the 1600’s
 Defended the “divine
right” of the king.
 The King was only
accountable to God
 Subjects did not have the
right to revolt.

The Reign of Louis XIV
1638-1715
 Louis
XIV symbolized the true absolute monarch.
 Louis lived a lavish life at Versailles.
 Social unrest, and economic debt eventually lead
to revolution in France.
Russia
What aspects of Russian geography
are you familiar with?
Covers more than
6,500,000 square
miles.
 Despite its size, much
of Russia is
landlocked because its
ports are frozen much
of the year.

A brief history of Russia



800’s – Agrarian society
Influence the Byzantine
Empire –
Eastern Orthodox
Architecture
Language
Mongul rule (1240 –
1480)


Ivan the Great (1462-1505)
- Overthrew Mongul
rule
- United Russian lands
Ivan the Terrible (1533 – 1584)
- took the title czar (Caesar)
- harsh autocratic rule
- started the tradition of
the secret police
The Romanov Dynasty
1613-1917
 The
election of Czar
Michael Romanov
in 1613 established
a dynasty that would
rule Russia for 300
years.
Peter the Great (1682-1725)
Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
 The
most
important
Romanov leaders
 Achievements:
- Expanded the
empire
- Westernization
The Westernization of Russia
(Theme: Change)
Westernization
Western Customs were forced
on Nobles:
 No beards
 Western clothing
 No Robes
 Western Education
 Western style cities (St.
Petersburg was modeled after
Versailles)
 Brought experts from Europe
to Russia
Peter the Great
1682-1725
 Absolute
monarch
 Peter’s goal was to
transform Russia
into a commercial
and military power.
Absolute Monarch
 Peter
controlled the
nobility and the
Russian Orthodox
clergy.
 Peter created an
army that was loyal
to him alone.
Modernization of the Armed Forces
 Peter
modernized the
Russian army and
established an
impressive navy.
 Peter was able to
expand Russian
territory to the north.
St. Petersburg
 On
land Peter
acquired after the
Great Northern War
Peter built a seaport
that he called his
“window to the
west”.
St. Petersburg
 St.
Petersburg
located on the Baltic
Sea served as the
capital of Russia
until 1918.
Catherine the Great
1762-1796
Ruled as an absolute
monarch.
 Catherine followed Peter’s
policy of Westernization.

The expansion of Russia
In a series of
partitions, Russia,
Austria, and Prussia
divided Polish
territory among
themselves.
 Catherine also
expanded Russian
territory to the south to
include access to the
Black Sea.

Enlightened Despot
 Catherine
encouraged
art, literature, and
science.
 Catherine’s Enlightened
ideas focused on the
nobles, they had little
effect on the majority of
the people.
Enlightened Despot

Catherine did not extend
her liberal philosophy to
the peasants or serfs,
whose protests for better
conditions were crushed.
The Growth of Democracy
in England
The Magna Carta (1215)
Signed by King John
 Places clear limits on the
king
 King can no longer raise
taxes with out the consent
of the Great Council (later
Parliament)
 Guaranteed trial by jury.

Model Parliament (1295)
 The
first Parliament
summoned by
Edward I to advise
the king.
 Consisted of clergy,
nobles and
townspeople
A Bicameral (2 house) Legislature
Parliament (1400)
 House
of Lords was
comprised of nobles
and clergy.
 House of Commons
consisted of knights
and townspeople.
The Stuarts
1603-1688
 James
I from
Scotland became
the King of England
after Elizabeth I.
 James claimed
divine right.
 James failed to
consult parliament
over taxes.
Charles I
1625-1649
 Charles
I attempted
to rule without
convening
parliament.
 Illegally raised
money &
imprisoned his
opponents.
The Petition of Right (1628)
 King
was forbidden to raise taxes without the
consent of Parliament.
 King could not imprison without just cause.
 King could not declare martial law unless
there was a war.
Charles was forced to call
Parliament into session in
1640.
 The Parliament pushed
through measures limiting
the king’s powers.
 These events led to civil
war.

The Puritans
Wanted
the church
to be “purified”
of Catholic
practices.
Controlled
Parliament during
the civil war.
The English Civil War
The Puritan Revolution
1642-1649
 Charles
I and
supporters were
called the Cavaliers.
 The Puritans were
called the
“Roundheads”.
Oliver Cromwell
1599-1658
Cromwell
would
emerge as the
“Roundhead”
leader during the
civil war.
The Battle of Naseby
 Oliver
Cromwell
and his “New Model
Army” defeated
Charles I and his
Cavaliers at the
Battle of Naseby in
1645.
The Trial of
Charles I
 The
civil war turned in
the favor of the
Parliamentary forces in
1644-1645.
 Charles I was taken
prisoner in 1646.
 In 1648 he was tried
by a high Court of
justice.
The Execution
of Charles I
 Charles
was charged
as a murderer, tyrant,
traitor, and public
enemy.
 He was found guilty
and sentenced to
death.
 Charles was
beheaded on January
30, 1649.
The English Commonwealth
1649-1658
 Under
the
Puritans England
was declared a
republic and
commonwealth.
England under the rule of
Oliver Cromwell
 Cromwell
took the title of Lord Protector.
 Cromwell ruled as a dictator until his death
in 1658.
The Restoration (1660-85)
The Restoration
1660-1685
 After
the death of
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II, son of
executed Charles I
takes the throne of
England.
 He pledged to obey
the Magna Carta,
Petition of Rights,
and to respect
Parliament.
The Emergence of Political Parties
 Opposition
to Catholicism helped to spark
England’s first political parties.
 Charles II had no legitimate children
therefore Charles's brother James was next in
line
The creation of the Whig party
 James
II was a practicing Catholic and this
worried the protestants.
 People who opposed James II from becoming
the king formed the Whig party
The creation of the Tories Party
 Those
who defended the hereditary
monarchy were referred to as the Tories
Whig Accomplishments
 The
Writ of Habeas
Corpus
 This states that a
person could not be
held in prison
without just cause or
a trial.
 It was another step
that increased
individual rights.
James II
1685-1688
 Attempted
to
dominate Parliament
and revive the Theory
of Divine Right.
 James II did not learn
from his fathers
mistakes.
 He is Overthrown in a
bloodless revolution.
The Glorious Revolution
1688
 James
II was replaced
by William and Mary,
his daughter and sonin-law.
 William and Mary
agreed to share their
power with the
people.
The English Bill of Rights
 The
king could not
raise taxes or raise and
army without the
consent of parliament.
 It guaranteed trial by
jury.
 It outlawed cruel and
unusual punishment.
Results of the Glorious Revolution
 Constitutional
Monarchy- The power of
the monarch would now be defined and
limited by the constitution. (limited
monarchy)
 English Bill of Rights (1689)
Further limited the power of the King Guaranteed basic civil rights for
Englishman.
The Act of Settlement (1701)
 Parliament
excluded any Catholic from
inheriting the English throne.
The Act of Union (1707)
 United
Scotland and England into a new
nation called Great Britain.
The English Political System
 Parliamentary
Democracy
Prime Minister
Tony Blair
– Ministers
who advise the
Prime Minister
 Cabinet
Thomas Hobbes
 An
Englishmen who wrote absolute monarchs
were justified because in exchange for giving
individual liberties, people are living in an orderly
society.