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WORLD WAR I THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919 World History District 11 Essential Questions How did the countries involved view events that sparked the war? What do primary and secondary sources reveal about the causes of WWI? How do maps increase understanding of the events of WWI? What was the impact of technology on the war? What were the major results of the war? How was political power used and lost as a result of WWI? Why did the Russian revolution occur? How did the economic developments of the 1920's impact world societies? Research - how can one determine the reliability of history resources, identify points of view or biases? Analysis - what strategies are useful in analyzing conflicting interpretations of history? Warm-up: Silent quick write • For the next 5 minutes you must write about the game on Tuesday. • Questions you might want to answer – What country were you part of and what did they – – – – want? Who were your enemies? Who were your allies? Was war the final solution to the game? What factors did your group have to consider when making decisions? WWI-Main Ideas Death and DestructionAdvances in weaponry, from improvements to the machine gun and airplane, to the invention of the tank, led to mass devastation during World War I Economies respond The war affected many European economies. Desperate for resources, the warring governments converted many industries to munitions factories. They also took greater control of the production of goods. Power hungry nationsThe quest among European nations for greater power played a role in causing World War I. By the turn of the 20th century, relations among these countries had grown tense. The Impact Today World War I led to the disintegration of empires and the creation of new states Communism became a factor in global conflict as other nations turned to its ideology; some nations still adhere to this ideology (Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam) The Balkans continue to be an area of political unrest. MAIN Causes of World War I M=Militarism A policy of glorifying and relying on military power and of keeping a standing army always prepared for war. A=Alliances Agreements or promises to defend and help another country. I= Imperialism A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. N=Nationalism The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation— that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or empire. Militarism European countries competed for overseas empires (imperialism) Nations began building large militaries By 1914 all but Britain had large standing armies Each European country stressed the importance of quickly mobilizing if war were to break out (mobilization) Alliances: Two main alliances divide Europe The Triple Alliance: Formed in 1881/2 Germany Austria-Hungary Italy The Triple Entente: Formed in 1907 France Great Britain Russia Imperialism European powers wanted more resources for their industrial economies They colonized Africa and Asia looking for these resources Different European powers wanted more resources and power and threatened to over take other countries colonies This led to increased tension between European powers Nationalism • Many ethnic groups or nationalities were under the rule of other nationalities • Example: Austria-Hungary was a multinational state that included Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles, Germans being ruled by ethnic Germans/Austrians • The Balkans: • Many countries on the Balkan Peninsula had struggled to obtain freedom from the Ottoman Empire (yes their still around) • Austria-Hungary and Russia want to take over these newly independent areas (imperialism!) • Creates tension between Austria-Hungary and Russia • Also creates tension because Serbians, Romanians, Bulgarians don’t want to be ruled by Austrians or Russians Nationalism: The Balkans Socialism Internal Dissent Among the People Socialist labor movements increased their power They used strikes (sometimes were violent) to achieve improvements in the workplace because of bad conditions of Industrial Revolution Conservative leaders feared that revolutions would break out due to labor strife & class divisions Europe on Fire: Underlying causes of World War I Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand Underlying Causes of WWI Allies aka Triple Entente Russia Central Powers aka used to beTriple Alliance (at start) AustriaHungary England Ottoman Empire VS. Germany Belgium Italy France Two sides of War Central Powers Allied Powers Austria-Hungary France Germany Russia Ottoman Empire Britain Belgium And eventually…. USA Italy Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Germany invades Belgium to get to France brings Great Britain into war Russia mobilizes to protect Serbia France readies troops to help Russia(ally) Germany declares war on Russia because Germany allied with A-H US Enters war Allies and Central powers quickly reach stalemate Alliance Chain Reaction US wants to preserve trade so stays neutral Preparedness movement in US urges American gov’t to prep for war Main Ideas About The Great War Conscription: military draft (common in Europe before 1914) Between 1890-1914 European armies doubled in size Leaders created complex military plans & did not want to alter their plans so there were few choices for leaders (select few become very powerful) Mobilization: Aggressive preparation for war assembling and moving troops and supplies for war; considered an act of war to many Propaganda: biased ideas spread to influence one for or against a cause Before and during the war Propaganda was used to stir up national hatreds During the war Propaganda was used to get people to help defend & almost everyone thought the war would be over in a few weeks because most wars usually ended quickly in Europe On the same day Russia ordered a mobilization on Austria Hungary July 29th the Russia army ordered full mobilization (Germans would see this as an act of war) Germany told Russia they had 12 hours to halt & when they ignored Germany declared war on Russia Aug. 1 Germans had a plan under General Alfred von Schlieffen Schlieffen Plan: a plan by Germany to have a two-front war against France and Russia who formed an alliance in 1894 Small holding action in Russia while most of German army would invade France & then move through Russia after French defeat Invaded France on Aug 3rd & demanded that Belgium let German troops through & then Great Britain declared war on Germany Aug 4th Western Front Western border between Germany and Belgium/France (pic p. 412) Germany needed quick victory over France By September 1914 Germans approach Paris French and Allies regroup and force Germans to retreat After this the war settled in to a stalemate because of trench warfare Trench Warfare Trench warfare: a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield Muddy Open to mortars Small land gains Rat infested Disease infested Prone to gas attacks [bad because gas is heavier than air; if you stayed you died, if you got out you got shot New Weapons of War 1. Poison gas: caused blindness, 2. 3. 4. 5. blisters, and death by choking Machine gun: wipe out waves of attackers Tank: armored combat vehicle, all terrain Submarine: primary weapon against ships using torpedoes (important to Germany) Airplanes: number of planes in combat went from 850 to 10k during WWI Political Cartoons How to Analyze Political Cartoons: What is a Political Cartoon? Political cartoons are a type of drawing that is used to present editorial opinions, comment on social change, criticize current events, and point out political situations. Cartoonists use different techniques: These include: caricature, exaggerating a person’s distinctive features; size distortion, making specific people or objects larger or smaller; symbols, using people places, or places, or objects to represent abstract ideas; and captions, placing words or sentences under the cartoon. The Red Peril This Political Cartoon comments on communism. What does the fire represent? Bolshevism Why do you think the symbol of fire was chosen? Something that is destructive and on the move What is the fire endangering? Houses, fields, etc that represent a peaceful and ordered way of life What is the message of the cartoon? People of all countries should be aware that Soviet Communism is a danger to their traditional values Frank and Marie-Therese Wood Print Collections, Alexandria, VA http://www.worldwar1gallery.com/politicalcartoons/ Europe at War Eastern Front Western Front There was lots of movement The Schlieffen Plan called for on Italy betrays the Triple Alliance and attacks Austria in May 1915 Bulgaria joined the Triple Alliance in September 1915 The Germans are considered successful in the East and it enables them to be more offensive in the West German army to go through Belgium & into Northern France & sweep around Paris First Battle of Marne –the French halted Germans by sending fresh troops They were in a stalemate that last for nearly 4 years Trenches stretched from the English Channel to the borders of Switzerland War of Attrition: wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses Planned Economies: all systems being directed by the government to mobilize for war At first the United States tried to remain neutral- but then the Germans were using unrestricted submarine warfare which included sinking passenger liners Lusitania: May 7, 1915-an unarmed British passenger steamship sunk by the Germans, leading the U.S. into the war because over 100 American civilians were killed US entered the war April 1917 :When the Germans continued to use unrestricted submarine warfare. When US joins war gives a psychological boost to Euros & new source of money & supplies Impact of Total War Total War: completely mobilizing resources and people for war 1. Increased Government power Set up price, wage, and rent controls Rationed food supplies & materials Regulated imports & exports Took over transportation systems & industries 2. Manipulation of Public Opinion DORA- Britain used these laws to limit free speech and to discourage anyone from speaking out against the country or the war Used Propaganda to motivate 3. Total War & Women Women were asked to take over jobs previously done by men After war lost jobs or had reduced wages Positive impact on the social & political movement earned them the right to vote The right for women to vote which was given to women in Germany, Austria, and United States immediately after the war & most British women gained the right to vote in 1918 Women also gained independence by getting their own apartments, jobs, etc. during the war End of War Wilson’s 14 Points: U.S. President Wilson’s plan for a new world order based on democracy an international cooperation Paris Peace Conference: meetings in Paris to discuss how to come to a settlement about the war– Germany was not invited, Russia was absent, so it was the U.S., Great Britain, and France. The U.S. wanted to prevent future wars and the others wanted to punish Germany End of War Reparations: repayments, in this case, Germany was supposed to pay war costs Treaty or Versailles: -5 treaties with the 5 defeated nations– Germany was especially unhappy with it -Terms: 1. Germany pays all reparations 2. Germany take blame for starting the war 3. Germany had to cut its military 4. Rhineland demilitarized 5. Eastern Europe and Africa borders redrawn End of War Mandates: a nation governing another nation, but did not own its territory (used in the Middle East to govern countries like Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq Legacy of War: Shattered the liberal , rational society Incredible death tolls Increased power of government, but freedom of press & speech were limited due to national security Changed societies & creation of new states & new problems TACTICS & WEAPONS OF WWI TRENCH WARFARE individuals fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire MORTARS a muzzle-loading indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities, short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories MINE SYSTEM IN THE SEAS inexpensive self-contained explosive device placed underwater for offensive, defensive or psychological use torpedoes: a self-propelled explosive projectile weapon, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater toward a target, and designed to detonate on contact or in proximity to a target CONVOY SYSTEM group of vehicles/boats traveling together for mutual support; in WWI, passenger ships traveled with battleships for protection (expensive and inefficient) OBSERVATION BALLOONS gas or hot-air balloons used on the Western Front of the war for observing what was going on (a dangerous job) zeppelins: were used by the Germans as bombers during the WWI, without notable success POISON GAS tear gas grenades (first used by the French), then chlorine gas (used by Germans) to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare (led to the invention of the gas mask) MACHINE GUNS heavy guns on tripods that could fire 400-600 rounds of small caliber rounds a minute TANKS large, armored vehicle with caterpillar tracks that carried personnel and guns; used as a solution to trench warfare (the British were the first to use the tank) AIRPLANES canvas and wood biplanes, traveling 100 MPH, used at first for observation, then added machine guns and metal propeller GRENADES small hand-held anti-personnel weapon designed to be thrown and then explode after a short time FLAME-THROWERS a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of fire RESULTS Trench Foot Dysentery Shell Shock (emotional shock) Tremendous Loss of Life (22 million, ½ were civilians) Weapons & Tactics of WWI Activity Students will be assigned to groups of 3 Each group will draw a weapon from the box Each group will be issued 2 colors of clay You will now create your weapon or tactic with clay After completing your weapon/tactic you may draw another and create another When everyone is finished we will rate the weapons on creativity and accuracy Which ever group creates the best-looking weapon will be awarded 10 extra credit points each Russian Revolution: the 1917 Revolution in Russia that placed Lenin and the Bolsheviks in power, taking Russia out of the Great War and into their own civil war, which led to communism in Russia Armistice: an agreement to end the fighting