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Warm Up 1 Pretend that you are an explorer in the 1700’s. Pretend that you know nothing of the technology currently available to you (no cell phones, GPS, computers or internet). Pretend that you are asked to draw of map of the places you personally visit. Talk to your partner about how you will go about the task of map making. Sketch a brief drawing of a map of some place you have personally visited or you can do this for the town of Weatherford. This is what explorer’s maps looked like as they traveled. Samples of atlas images of historical exploration and voyages P.S. Atlas is a figure from Greek mythology. He is the son of the Titan Iapetus and Clymene (or Asia), and brother of Prometheus. Atlas was punished by Zeus and made to bear the weight of the heavens Warm Up 2 With your partner, discuss the following topic: What do you already know about the slave trade out of Africa to North America? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtRaG_bokds AGE OF EXPLORATION Connecting Hemispheres CAUSES OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION FROM 1450 TO 1750 • Renaissance ideas • Desire for trade routes, spices, and profits or a greater wealth. • Desire to spread Christianity • New technologies in ships and sailing. • Increase country’s power • Absolute monarchs use their wealth and power to support the Age of Exploration. God, Gold and Glory Concept Technological Advances Rudder Caravel – Used by the Portuguese Triangle Sails Compass Sextant Discuss with your partner the following question. 1. Now that the Europeans have better exploring equipment, what is the result? Improved ships and new navigational instruments made for longer journeys. Now that we can travel farther and faster we can trade more effectively with new groups of people. Mercantilism an economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental regulation of the entire national economy usually through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a favorable balance of trade, the development of agriculture and manufactures, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies Growth of Mercantilism Nations increase power in 2 ways 1) get as much gold & silver as you can 2) sell more goods that you buy Goal is to become self-sufficient 3) start of the merchant middle class. Causes Changes in European Society Discuss with your partner the following questions. 2. How does the growth of mercantilism cause changes in European society? What changes and how does it change? -growth of a middle class, more wealth for the nation = allows for more technological innovations, help us control more colonies around the world. Ottoman Empire and the Turks (1453–1922) Rise of the Ottoman Empire •Capture of Constantinople and renaming to Istanbul Istanbul is important because it links two major waterways allowing the city to have more profitable trade • Capture of Mecca, Medina, and Cairo Cultural and political achievements under Suleiman I Empire in place until end of World War I He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the East, as "The Lawgiver." Instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith. He was a patron of culture and cared about artistic, literary and architectural development in the Ottoman Empire. He spoke five languages: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Chagatai, Persian and Serbian. IMPACT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE ON EASTERN EUROPE AND GLOBAL TRADE Eastern Europe: • Suleiman’s advances into Hungary and Austria in 1525 but expansion stopped with the Siege of Vienna in 1529 • Caravanseri (roadside inns for rest) network: assured safety for traveling merchants and envoys Discuss with your partner the following question: 3. What would make having these caravanseri very important to merchants? -safe travel, place for rest, merchants to trade with other merchants Naval trade in spices, wheat, and lumber throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, Black and Red Seas and the Persian Gulf The Ottoman Empire controlled trade routes for hundreds of year in: Middle East Indian Ocean Western Russia and Republics area China and the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Zheng He Admiral Zheng He had massive ships created in order to conduct trading expeditions. They visited southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa They brought back gold and animals just as zebras and camels. Overall, these expeditions brought wealth and knowledge of other civilizations to China. Influence of the Ming dynasty on world trade • Goals – Impress world with the power and splendor of Ming China, spread its religion, and expand China’s tribute system • Envoys from different countries travel to China with tribute However, the Ming leaders feared foreign cultures would corrupt Chinese culture so they moved into a time of isolation. The fleet of ships was too expense to maintain and since there were no longer in use the Chinese burned some ships and let others just rot away. Zheng He and Columbus: Flag Ships DIFFUSION OF MAJOR IDEAS IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY The Ming Dynasty adopted the following items and ideas as they traveled: • Spurred by contact with Europe, i.e., telescope • Trigonometry • Hydraulic powered devices for irrigation and agriculture • Snorkeling gear for pearl divers • Astronomy from India Europeans Trade in the East Portugal Leads the Way Prince Henry the Navigator was interested in trading in Africa and began to do so around her western coastline. Navigation school Bartolomeu Dias In 1488, ventures down Africa to reach the tip – men are too tired to continue though. However, his journey let other explores know Africa could be rounded to reach Asia. Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama First to reach Calicut on the southern coast of India. Amazed by the spices, rare silks, and precious gems that they had to offer. They filled their sips and returned in 1499 to Portugal where he received a hero’s welcome. Dutch and the East Indies The Dutch Empire. Dark green areas were controlled by the Dutch West Indies Company; light green areas were controlled by the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch were the one of the only ones who complied with the Chinese rules and were liberal in their views and not as demanding to force their culture onto the islands therefore they gained control of the Spice Islands. East Indies Sometimes called the “Dutch East Indies” French in Indochina After competing with the Dutch, Portuguese, and British over the area the French gain a stronghold in Indochina in 1885. French Explorers to the region: Henri Mouhot Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie Indochina: controlled by the French at the time called French Indochina Called the Indochinese Peninsula today. Spices the Europeans were interested in: Nutmeg Mace Cinnamon Pepper Cloves All of these European countries wanted goods from Asia and they were all in completion for each other. http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=NHGT5ivAk4c Discuss with your partner the following questions. 4. List some of the major imports and exports of today. 5. List a few pros and cons for a government to require taxes on imported items. EUROPEANS COMPETING FOR NORTH AMERICA http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u2/index.ht ml Click on link, click on each name to see their individual movement. Comparing and Contrasting Words Exploration- the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. Imperialism- a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Colonization- sending settlers to (a place) and to establish political control over it. Discuss with your partner the following questions. Give a brief definition of these three words. Do they have anything in common? How are they different? Colonization Imperialism Exploration Spanish Exploration Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón) – Italian explorer. (1492) He goes to Portugal to gain resources for a voyage west however, they had already funded expeditions to India with the help of Vasco de Gama. So Columbus tried the Spanish. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World. Name his ships. Toscanelli's notions of the geography of the Atlantic Ocean, which directly influenced Columbus's plans. Good time to mention: It doesn’t matter what country you are from. If you explore with someone else’s money. What you discover will be claimed for the country you explored for. Example, Columbus is Italian but since the Spanish funded him then it is the Spanish’s claim. Actual Voyages When Columbus returns with news from his voyage the King and Queen quickly begin work on the Treaty of Tordesillas to protect their claims and interests in the New World. Treaty of Tordesillas 2 July 1494…to divide trading and colonizing rights for all newly discovered lands of the world between Portugal and Spain to the exclusion of other European nations. 6. How could this treaty affect exploration for Spain and Portugal? Ferdinand Magellan - was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands.” Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Discuss with your partner the following question. 7. How do the explorations funded by the Ming Dynasty and commanded by Zheng He compare with those of the Spanish explorers? Conquistadors (conquerors) Hernán Cortés (1504)- was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Montezuma II, Aztec ruler is killed. Francisco Pizarro (1509) -was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. Atahualpa, Inca ruler force to covert to Christianity and be baptized as a Catholic. Was strangled to death. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado y Luján - was a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. Theodor de Bry - etching of Native Americans giving the conquistador the gold he so desires - they are pouring molten gold down his throat. Discuss with your partner the following question. 8. Explain the difference between an explorer and a conquistador. Dutch Exploration Henry Hudson (1609) - was an English sea explorer and navigator. 1. 2. Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle. Hudson explored the region around modern New York metropolitan area while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. French Exploration Jacques Cartier (1534-1535)- was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. The French were mainly interested in fur trade. Quebec Montreal Samuel de Champlain - "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements. Robert de La Salle (1682)– also called René- Robert Cavelier - was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France. Sir Walter Raleigh (1609)- was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularizing tobacco in England. Instrumental in the English colonization of North America, Raleigh was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, which paved the way for future English settlements. First settlement in Virginia will become Jamestown. British Settlers Arrive Some 100 people, many of them seeking religious freedom in the New World, set sail from England on the Mayflower in September 1620. That November, the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts. A scouting party was sent out, and in late December the group landed at Plymouth Harbor, where they would form the first permanent settlement of Europeans in New England. Discuss with your partner the following question. 9. What reasons were there that motivated Europeans to explore and colonize the Western Hemisphere in the 16th century? Hint: 3 G’s Fight For North America English get rid of the Dutch England Battles France French and Indian War (Seven Years War) Result: Britain controls nearly the entire eastern ½ of North America Native American Reaction Relationships Dutch & French –peaceful English – conflict (land & religious) Natives fall to disease Ones that are left are displaced (moved to other lands.) THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Where they went for the labor… Evolution of Slavery Slavery in Africa – Slavery in Africa existed when the Muslim Empire ruled. Non-Muslims were sold as slaves. Because the Native American were dying of diseases carried by the Europeans the Europeans had to find workers with new techniques for farming somewhere else so Africans became the disable target due to foreign land. Discuss with your partner the following questions. 10. What would the new settlers need an Atlantic Slave trade? 11. Why did Europeans see African as better source of labor than the Native Americans? African from ruling tribes and merchants played a willing role in the slave trade - they saw little difference between selling to a Muslim or a Westerner. Most Europeans waited in sea ports where Africans from the interior tribes were brought to them. They were usually exchanged for guns, gold, and other goods. Many Africans cried out to their people to stop the trade, but it was too profitable. Any rulers that refused to cooperate were bypassed and new routes were developed. Over time the African map will look like this: The Middle Passage - was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World. Slavery in the Americas Harsh Life Resistance and Rebellion Ad for a Sale Devices used to restrict Slaves Political Cartoon By the time the slave trade was ended they had imported 3.6 millions Africans Results of the Atlantic Slave Trade A depopulation of certain African areas due to the slave trade A growth of plantation agriculture, especially in the southern colonies A diffusion of ideas among Caribbean, African and Latin American cultures START EDITING HERE!!! Discuss with your partner the following question. 12. Explain the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa and the Americas. IMPACT OF ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ON WEST AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS Africa (particularly West Africa) • Political – Trade in slaves promoted warfare between African states; European weapons (guns) become an important component of political power in African tribes; Europeans control very little territory in Africa • Economic – Atlantic slave trade increased demand for African slaves by Europeans; volume of trade increased; trade patterns shifted to west coast; demand for European manufactured goods (guns) • Cultural – Introduction of Christianity to west Africa; African artists created products for European markets • Technological – Gunpowder guns The Americas • Increase in the African populations, both directly from Africa and those who were subsequently born in the Americas and Caribbean • The dispersal of Africans throughout the New World is directly related to slavery, as they were forced to go wherever labor was demanded. • British colonies, in what is now the southern United States, depend on slave labor for production of cash crops • Knowledge of agriculture including rice that spread into the Southern colonies • Aspects of African food, music and art leave a lasting influence on American cultures COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Global trade network during early modern era. Global Exchange of new foods, livestock, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds. IMPACT OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE ON THE AMERICAS AND EUROPE Impact on the Americas: • New livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Horses led to the defeat of many Native Americans • Foods from Africa including bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams • Grains such as rice, barley, wheat, and oats • Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza that led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans • Slaves from Africa – blending of cultural diffusion. Impact on Europe: • New foods and plants including corn, tomatoes, chocolate, tobacco, quinine, and potatoes Discuss with your partner the following question. Complete a Venn Diagram explaining the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe. Discuss with your partner the following question. 13. How has America today been affect as a result of the Atlantic Slave Trade? Pros: Cons: COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION Commercial Revolution – New business and trade practices brought about in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries because of new wealth brought from colonies in the Americas. Factors of the commercial revolution. • Rise of capitalism – Private ownership and investment of wealth for profit lead to the growth of the merchant class and an increase of the money supply. 14. Give me an example of a company or business that started out as a capitalist? Joint-stock companies (Jamestown, Virginia) – Investors pooled their money together to establish American colonies and usually faced minimal monetary losses because of the large number involved in the investment. Discuss with your partner the following questions. 15. Compare similarities of the joint- stock company to today? • Mercantilism – Colonies provided gold and silver (bullionism) as well as a favorable balance of trade since they were both suppliers of raw materials and markets to their mother countries • Establishment of new institutions such as banks, stock exchanges, insurance companies and futures markets Sell more than you buy!!!! Explain the concept of Inflation Causes of the Commercial Revolution Emerging middle class Rise of capitalism Sailing innovations Plantation House Summary Questions What were the results of European exploration of the Americas? 1. 2. 3. North American Colonization The Columbian Exchange Large trade networks developed