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THE AGE OF
IMPERIALISM
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN
CHINA, INDIA, AND AFRICA
VOCABULARY OF
IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM
– THE PRACTICE OF ACQUIRING COLONIES FOR
THE BENEFIT OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY
MOTHER COUNTRY
– A state that controls colonies
COLONY
– An area controlled by another country for that
country’s benefit
VOCABULARY OF
IMPERIALISM
RAW MATERIALS
– Natural material that can be manufactured into a
more valuable product
• For ex: rubber is a cheap natural resource necessary for
manufacturing tires
MANUFACTURED GOODS
– Products made in a factory from raw materials that
can be sold to consumers
• For ex: tires are a manufactured good that can be sold to
consumers at a higher price than rubber
COLONY– MOTHER COUNTRY RELATIONSHIP
MANUFACTURED
GOODS
COLONY
MOTHER COUNTRY
Produces raw
materials for the
mother country’s
industry and buys the
manufactured goods
the mother country
produces
Uses raw materials
from the colonies to
make manufactured
goods and then sells
them to the colonies
• RAW
MATERIALS
• MONEY
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
ECONOMIC
• Because of the Industrial
Revolution many European
countries produced a surplus of
manufactured goods
• Factory owners also needed raw
materials for factories
• Factory owners needed places
to sell the goods they produced
• European countries acquired
colonies to gain raw materials
and sell manufactured goods
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
POLITICAL
• NATIONALISM
– Countries competed to acquire
colonies to show their power and
show up their rivals
• PRESTIGE
– Honor and respect
– More colonies = more prestige
from other countries
• These two ideas caused
European countries to acquire
colonies in Asia and Africa
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
MILITARY
• NAVAL BASES
– European countries built advanced and
large navies
– They needed bases to supply their
ships all over the world
– Europeans took colonies to serve as
bases
– Great Britain, Germany, Japan, the
USA, Italy, and France all did this
• MANPOWER
– European countries used the
population of their colonies as soldiers
MILITARY BASES
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
RACIAL
• SUPERIORITY
– Europeans were technologically
superior to all other parts of the
world
– They viewed all other peoples as
inferior to them
• THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
– Europeans felt it was their duty to
“civilize” non-Europeans
– They wanted to make nonEuropeans more like them
– They conquered Asians and Africans
•
•
•
•
Forced natives to speak their language
Changed native customs
Spread Christianity
Westernization
WHO PRACTICED IMPERIALISM?
RUSSIA
EUROPE
J
A
P
A
N
WHO WERE THE VICTIMS OF
IMPERIALISM?
INDIA
CHINA
&
KOREA
AFRICA
IMPERIALISM IN
INDIA
INDIAN HISTORY: A TIMELINE
GREAT BRITAIN’S IN INDIA
MUSLIM INVASIONS
• 1000 AD – 1500 AD
MAURYAN EMPIRE
• 321 BC – 232 AD
• Emperor Asoka
• 1600 – 1857: British East India
Company increasingly controls India
• 1857: SEPOY REBELLION
• 1858 – 1947: Britain controls India
as a colony
GUPTA EMPIRE
• 320 AD – 535 AD
• Golden Age of
Hindu culture
MUGHAL EMPIRE
• 1526 AD – 1857 AD
• Muslim dominated
• Emperor Akbar the Great
BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
THE SEPOY REBELLION: 1857 – 1858
• Many Indians were unhappy w/ the British East India Company’s rule of India
• East India Company went too far by giving bullets to their Sepoys greased w/ cow and pig fat
 This violates the beliefs of Muslims and Hindus
 The Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and tried to drive the British
out of India (very violent and brutal)
• The rebellion failed, Britain’s Parliament took away the East India Company’s power and ran
India as a colony until 1947
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY TAKES CONTROL: 1750 – 1857
• Mughal Empire was very weak and was losing control of India
• As a result the British East India Company took control over much of India
• The East India Company controlled these areas like a government:
Collected taxes, built roads and schools, spread Christianity
Created an westernized army using native Indian soldiers called SEPOYS
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES TO INDIA: 1600 – 1750
• Private company given control over trade w/ India by the British government in 1600
• Established trading posts and traded tea and other luxuries w/ Europe
THE SEPOY MUTINY
BRITISH INDIA
THE RISE OF JAPAN
MEIJI RESTORATION OF 1868
OLD
JAPAN
EMPEROR
SHOGUN
(Military leader)
SAMURAI
(Similar to knights
in Europe)
DAIMYO
(Nobles)
Peasant Farmers
&
Craftsmen
Merchants
JAPAN MODERNIZES: 1853 – 1905
1853
PERRY EXPEDITION
• USA sends a naval expedition to
force Japan to trade with America
• Japan is threatened into agreeing
to give up isolation and trade
with Europe & America
1904 – 1905
RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR
• Japan & Russia both wanted Korea as a
colony and to use China as a market for goods
and source of raw materials
• Japan shocks the world and defeats Russia, a
major European power
• Treaty of Portsmouth: gives Japan control of
Korean and spheres of influence in China
1868
MEIJI RESTORATION
• Emperor Meiji and his supporters force
the conservative shogun out of power
• Create a limited monarchy based on
Germany’s government
• Reduced the power of daimyo & samurai
• Immediately westernized Japan’s military,
government, economy, and society
1894 – 1895
SINO – JAPANESE WAR
• Japan fights a war with China over
control of Korea
• Japan’s westernized army defeats
China easily
• Japan begins to acquire colonies
throughout Asia
PERRY EXPEDITION
MEIJI RESTORATION
A SCENE FROM A NEW MODERN JAPAN AFTER
THE REFORMS OF THE MEIJI RESTORATION
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?
• POLITICAL REFORMS
– MEIJI CONSTITUTION (1889)
• Emperor held most political
power in Japan
• Established equality of all men
before the law
• Created an elected legislature
with limited powers
• Only wealthy men had the power
to vote
– Created a strong government
to implement reforms
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?
• ECONOMIC REFORMS
– Government helps business
• Builds railroads and ports
• Sets up banks & factories
– Wealthy families buy factories
from the government and set
up their own businesses
– Japan quickly goes through
an Industrial Revolution
– The Japanese economy is
westernized and modern
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?
• SOCIAL REFORMS
– Established equality between
social classes
• Took away some of the privileges
of the daimyo and samurai, but
they still held political power
– Built schools and universities
• Increased education
• Students sent to Europe to
study western ideas
– Adopted western dress,
customs, and culture
– Women had few rights and
were left out of government
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?
• MILITARY REFORMS
– Main goal of Japan’s plans for
westernization
– Wanted a strong to resist
western imperialism
– Copied western armies and
navies
• Used guns and cannons
• Built modern warships
• Created large armies using
peasant manpower
– Built a very strong military
based on the Prussian army
SINO-JAPANESE WAR
RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR
JAPAN
BUILDS A
COLONIAL
EMPIRE
THE DECLINE OF THE
CHINESE EMPIRE
&
IMPERIALISM IN
CHINA
CHINESE DECLINE: mid 1800s
TAIPING REBELLION
• Peasant rebellion in the mid 19th
century
• Caused by peasants’ desire for
their own land
• Killed millions of Chinese
• Eventually stopped by the
government
• Caused massive chaos and
destruction
OPIUM WARS
• British government sold opium
(an addictive drug) to the Chinese
people
• Chinese government tried to stop
the drug trade
• Britain declared war and used
modern technology to defeat the
Chinese army & navy
• Unequal treaties favored Britain,
forcing China to trade with
Europe
TAIPING REBELLION
OPIUM WARS
EUROPE COMES TO CHINA:
Spheres of Influence
• “Sphere of Influence”
– An area of one country unofficially controlled by
another country
• Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and Japan
divide China into “spheres of influence”
– They each wanted raw materials, markets, naval bases,
prestige, and to spread Western culture
• Europe now controlled much of China
WHAT DID CHINA DO ABOUT IT?
FAILURE TO REFORM
• Conservatives controlled the
Chinese government
• They did change China to
meet the European threat
• China failed to westernize or
modernize its military,
economy, or society
BOXER REBELLION
• In 1899, Chinese nationalists
rebelled to kick foreigners out of
China
• They were called Boxers
• The Boxers hated foreigners and
attacked Europeans all over
China
• European countries & the USA
teamed up and crushed the
rebellion
FAILURE OF THE
BOXER REBELLION
•The Boxers tried to
drive “foreign devils”
from China
•The Boxers used
martial arts and
believed they were
immune to bullets,
they were wrong
•Europeans crushed
the rebellion and
established stronger
control over China
IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM
ON CHINA
BEFORE
IMPERIALISM
CHINA WAS:
• A powerful empire
• United under a strong
central government
• The most powerful
empire and culture in
Asia
AFTER
IMPERIALISM
CHINA WAS:
• Weak & divided
• Controlled by
European states
• 2,000 year old Chinese
empire collapsed
in 1911
IMPERIALISM IN
AFRICA
WHY COLONIZE
AFRICA?
• NATIONALIST CAUSES
– Nationalist feelings led to competition between
European countries to gain colonies in Africa
– European states all wanted the PRESTIGE increase
that came from gaining colonies
– Europeans took over most of Africa for this reason
• ECONOMIC CAUSES
– Africa was rich in natural resources
• Gold, coffee, silver, rubber, copper, diamonds, etc.
– Colonies in Africa provided raw materials and were a
market for European manufactured goods
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
• Before 1878 most of Africa was free
• Between 1878 and 1914 European states
acquired colonies over almost all of Africa
• Only two African states (Liberia & Ethiopia)
were not colonies of Europe in 1914
• CONGRESS OF BERLIN
– In 1884, the countries of Europe met and started to
divide up Africa between them
– After this meeting European countries “scrambled”
to take as many colonies in Africa as they could
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
• FRANCE
– Conquered a large empire in west Africa
• BRITAIN
– Conquered the largest empire in Africa
– Controlled South Africa, Egypt, and most of the
land in between
• OTHER EUROPEAN STATES
– Belgium, Germany, Italy all acquired a few
colonies to add to their prestige
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
SCRAMBLING FOR
AFRICA
1. How does this cartoon
reflect the idea of a
“scramble” for Africa?
2. Why were European
countries interested in
acquiring colonies in Africa?
POSITIVES AND
NEGATIVES OF
IMPERIALISM FOR
COLONIES &
MOTHER COUNTRIES
POSITIVES OF IMPERIALISM
• MOTHER COUNTRY
–
–
–
–
Access to raw materials & markets
Increased political power and prestige
Naval bases and ports for fueling ships
Spreading their culture, language, and way of life
• COLONY
– Political Unity
• Ex) India, under British rule, became united for the 1st time ever
– Westernization
• Increased education, literacy, medicine, and disease prevention
– Economic development
• Europeans built roads, railroads, telegraph lines, mines, sewers
NEGATIVES OF
IMPERIALISM
• MOTHER COUNTRY
– Competition for colonies led to war & conflict with other
European countries
– Cost of maintaining & defending colonies was high
– Opposition by natives to being controlled by Europe
• COLONY
– Lack of political freedom
– Artificial borders
• Europeans created colonies with groups of people living together that
historically didn’t get along
– Lack of economic development
• Colonies relied on Europeans for ALL manufactured goods
– Suppression of native culture
• Europeans restricted the culture, religion, and customs of people they
controlled in colonies