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Revolution You say you want a revolution Well, you know, we all want to change the world You tell me that it’s evolution Well, you know, we all want to change the world But when you talk about destruction Don’t you know that you can count me out Don’t you know it’s going be alright, . . alright . . alright You say you got a real solution Well, you know, we’d all love to see the plan You ask me for a contribution Revolution But if you want money for people with minds that hate All I can say is – brother you will have to wait Don’t you know it’s going be alright . . alright . . .alright You say you’ll change the Constitution Well you know, we all want to change your head You tell me it’s the institution Well, you know, you better free your mind instead But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao You ain’t going make it with anyone anyhow French Revolution How the world viewed France… Most Advanced Culture Enlightenment Great economy via trade Large population Problems in France taxes high prices, - Enlightenment causing discontent with the government The Old Regime Divided into 3 social classes or Estates 1st Estate (less than 1% of the people) – clergy from the Roman Catholic Church, paid little taxes; owned 10% of the land 2nd Estate (2%) – rich nobles – paid almost no taxes; owned 20% of the land 3rd Estate (98%) – bourgeoisie (educated merchants and artisans); paid high taxes & lacked privileges/ Workers of France (cooks & servants) / peasants = 80 % of the 3rd Estate; paid half their income to nobles; tithes to the church; taxes to the king’s agents Who was paying the taxes? The Government & Social Structure The Estates General 1st Estate 2nd Estate Nobles, approx. 2%, paid little taxes Middle Class – Bourgeoisie, merchants & artisans General Workers All other people 3rd Estate 80 % of the 3rd Estate were poor – peasants and servants with little income. Each estate got one vote in the Estates General. The vote was always 2 to 1, with the first two estates voting together. What motivated the 3rd Estate? *Enlightenment Ideas Answer: New words (equality, liberty, brotherhood) and new views about power; radical ideas from Voltaire and Rousseau *French Problems Included 1. Population & taxes were rising 2. Bad weather meant Crop failures – led to bread shortages 3. King Louis XVI & Maria Antoinette - overspending causing rising debt (some of this $$ went to support the American colonies against Britain.) Why did France help America? The combination of Enlightenment and problems led France toward a crisis. Louis XVI and M. Antoinette Louis XVI Marie Antoinette King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Strong leadership could have solved this crisis, but Louis XVI took NO action to prevent the crisis. France was bankrupt. Louis preferred to hunt and tinker with locks. He married Marie Antoinette, when he was 15 and she was 14. She was a member of the royal family of Austria, France’s long-time enemy. Louis XVI tried to tax the nobles… Nobles forced the king to call the Estates General for approval to raise taxes The Estates General met for the 1st time in 175 years! The Estates-General The National Assembly Louis XVI called the E. General To raise taxes on aristocrats Third Estate insisted that all estates meet to discuss taxes Third Estate proposed that each delegate have one vote Louis XVI said NO (the advantage would shift to the ordinary people) With some support from the First Estate, the Third Estate withdrew to become the National Assembly. The National Assembly The National Assembly – June 17, 1789 * worked to end the absolute monarchy * declared their intention to establish a representative form of government The Tennis Court Oath The National Assembly met 3 days later: Locked out of the meeting room Moved to a tennis court Swore to keep meeting until they wrote a new constitution. Storming of Bastille In response: Louis XVI tried to make peace with Third Estate Order nobles & clergy to join Third Estate in the Nat. Assembly Stationed Swiss Guard in Paris Based on rumor citizens gathered arms out of fear of the Swiss Guard Mobs broke into the Bastille (prison in Paris) in order to get gun powder. The storming of Bastille became the symbol of the revolution. This day, July 14th has been a French national holiday, similar to the U.S. Fourth of July. The Storming of Bastille - Art The Great Fear A wave of panic, based on rumor rolled, through Paris Rumors of nobles out to terrorize peasants spread. When it didn’t happen, peasants broke into nobles estates destroying legal documents and burning the estates Bread Riots Oct. 1789: 6,000 Parisian women rioted over bread prices Men and women marched to Versailles Broke into the palace and killed two guards Demanded Louis, Marie Antoinette, and their children go to Paris [ THIS SIGNALED A CHANGE OF POWER] 2: REVOLUTION = TERROR & REFORM Feudal privilege of the 1st and 2nd Estates were swept away Declaration of the Rights of Man was written, reflecting the natural rights of man and closely following the Declaration of Independence State Controlled Church National Assembly took over church lands church officials were to be elected by property owners and paid with state funds Church Lost Independence Wealth in lands {the delegates felt it was better to take from the church than the bourgeoisie who were supporters of the revolution} The Church National Assembly - hoped to sell church lands to pay debt - angered the poor who supported the church - eventually the peasants failed to support the revolutionary actions of the National Assembly Split of the Legislative Assembly The Legislative Assembly - created a limited monarchy - stripped the king of power - gave the assembly power to make laws Old Problems Still Existed - food shortages - government debt Legislative Assembly Splits Radicals (left) – sans-coulottes Opposed the king and monarchy Wanted sweeping changes Power to the people Moderates (centrists) Wanted some changes Not as extreme as radicals Conservatives (right) – emirges Supported limited monarchy Wanted few changes in government War And Extreme Measures War At Home & Foreign War Radicals hoped to spread war throughout Europe Austria & Prussia proposed putting the king back on the throne Leg. Assembly declared war on Prussia, later joined by Austria Prussia threatened to destroy Paris if the king was harmed! 20,000 French stormed the palace and imprisoned the royal family Changes in the Legislative Assembly Legislative Assembly - set aside the constitution - deposed the king - called for new elections (assembly) - new assembly called National Convention Execution Of The King Mob mentality in Paris Political clubs formed Most radical club – Jacobins Paul Marat – newspaper editor stirred the fires of revolution - stabbed by a member of a rival faction as he bathed Execution Of The King National Convention - abolished the monarchy - declared France a republic - Louis XVI became common citizen & prisoner - then tried for treason – guilty - Louis is executed by the guillotine on Jan. 21, 1793. France Terror Begins Drafted 300,000 men, 18 – 40 By 1794, 800,000 men & women in the army Maximilien Robespierre Wanted to build a republic of virtue Destroy every trace of former France Became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety in the summer of 1793. From 1793 to 1794 he governed France like a dictator; decided who were enemies of the republic The Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre He justified the Reign of Terror explaining that it enable French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution. Marie Antoinette was executed; she apologized when she accidentally stepped on the executioner’s foot. Executed other revolutionary leaders who were “less radical” (Georges Danton) Thousands of citizens were executed 85% of those killed were poor or middle class – those the revolution were supposed to help (a tavern keeper for serving sour wine to “defenders of the Revolution) Victims: 3,000 in Paris; 40,000 killed all together End Of The Terror National Convention Members Were afraid of Robespierre No one was safe from execution Joined together to have him arrested Executed on July 28, 1794 Drafted a new constitution (3rd) that placed power in the upper middle class; had a two-house legislature; it Execution of was called the Directory, the Robespierre executive body of 5 who appoint Napoleon as head of the military 3: Napoleon Napoleon : achieved great status in only 4 yrs (1795-1799) Born in Corsica Was sent to military school at 9 yrs In 1785 at 16 he became a lieutenant in the artillery When revolution started he joined the new government Successfully defended the delegates of the National Convention against royalists National hero and savior of the republic Victories against Austria Suffered defeat in Egypt, but did not harm his career Coup d’Etat After returning from Egypt, Abbe Sieyes urged Napoleon to seize political power. Troops drove out members of one chamber of the national legislature. The Directory was dissolved! Replaced by a consul of 3 (one of them was Napoleon) Napoleon assumed dictatorial power Led a coup, (Coup d’ Etat) sudden take over of the government Britain, Austria, & Russia formed and alliance against France (Napoleon) Through war & diplomacy, eventually all three nations signed a peace agreement. Napoleon – Government Changes Popular vote (plebiscite)approved a new constitution Gave real power to Napoleon Napoleon’s Reforms - - Established national banks Created a more efficient tax collection system Fired corrupt officials Established lycees, gov’t run public schools Signed a concordat with pope giving some power back to the church Gov’t would appoint bishops, who would appoint priests Establishment of the Napoleonic Code, a uniform set of laws for the lands of France Economic Gov’t Church Laws Napoleon Crowned Emperor Dec. 2, 1804 French voters supported Napoleon’s desire to become emperor. Walked down the long aisle of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris… Napoleon took the crown from the pope and crowned himself emperor of France! With this arrogant gesture, Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the church. Napoleon Builds An Empire America bought French Louisiana for 15,000,000 dollars - Napoleon needed the cash - Wanted to cut his losses in the Americas Conquering Europe - already conquered Austrian Netherlands and Northern Italy; set up a puppet government in Switzerland - Britain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden joined in a third coalition against France - Napoleon crushed the opposition. The commanders of the coalition could never predict Napoleon’s next move and took heavy losses. - Eventually, all but Britain signed a peace agreement with Napoleon Trafalgar – Battle at Sea Battle of Trafalgar - naval battle off of the coast of Spain - British fleet commander Horatio Nelson - British outmaneuvered the French & Spanish fleets Outcome - supremacy of the British navy for the next 100 years - forced Napoleon to give up plans for invading Britain This is a test question! 4: Napoleon’s Empire Collapses 1.Continental System - - - - Napoleon ordered a blockade of ports to stop all European nations from trading with Britain Intended to make the continent of Europe self-sufficient. Lots of smuggling/blockade running made the Continental System ineffective. (Even his own brother, Luis-King of Holland, defied the policy) Some damage to the British economy was sustained. Napoleon’s Continental System Napoleon’s Three Mistakes 2. Peninsular Wars - - - - - Portugal ignored the blockade of the Continental System Napoleon sent an army through Spain to attack Portugal Spaniards protested Spanish king deposed, Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, made the king of Spain Spanish guerrillas attacked Napoleon’s troops for 5 years Napoleon lost 300,000 men, weakening the French empire Napoleon’s Three Mistakes 3. Invasion of Russia - invaded Russia for ignoring the blockade - as Napoleon entered Russia, Russian troops pulled back toward Moscow - burned the land in retreat, know as scorched-earth policy - Russian troops burned Moscow as Napoleon entered the city - French troops were caught in Russian winter storms - French lost 500 of the 600 thousand troops - Napoleon left his troops to get back to France on their own Invasion of Russia Napoleon’s Downfall Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Sweden joined forces against Napoleon - quickly defeated him - April (1814) Napoleon gave up the throne - Napoleon exiled to Elba (off the Italian coast) Napoleon’s Downfall Napoleon - on Elba under British watch - heard Louis XVIII was losing favor with the French people for failure to keep revolutionary reforms - when left unguarded, escaped - quickly assembled an army - marched on Paris - Louis XVIII fled - once again became Emperor The Last 100 Days European allies gathered against Napoleon - last battle in Waterloo, Belgium - hard fought battle - late in the battle Prussians arrived to help the British defeat the French - exiled to the remote south Atlantic island of St. Helena, Napoleon died (6 years later) 5: Congress of Vienna Goal: To establish long lasting peace in Europe Foreign ministers from Britain & France Frederick William III – Prussia Alexander I – Russia Francis I – Austria Klemens von Metternich –foreign minister of Austria 1. 2. 3. - Prevent future French aggression Create a balance of power Restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon’s conquest Congress of Vienna Outcome Make weak countries around France stronger France had to give up territories taken by Napoleon Allow former royal families to be restored Other Changes and Legacy Holy Alliance Concert of Europe Russia, Austria and Prussia entered into a loosely binding military alliance Series of alliances allowing European nations to help each other in case of revolution outbreaks Legacy Congress of Vienna influential for the next 100 years Balance of power maintained Rise of nationalism Global Impact Revolutions in Haiti: The French colony called St. Domingue, today known as Haiti, was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule. Nearly 500,000 African slaves, under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolution against Napoleon’s France. Haiti won its independence and declared the colony free on January 1, 1804. First Black colony to free itself from Europe control. Global Impact: Spanish Colonies Gain Freedom Class conflicts had begun in Spain’s American colonies. Peninsulares, colonists who had been born in Spain, dominated over the Creoles, those born in the colonies themselves, that were denied power. When Napoleon forced the Spanish king to abdicated, Creole leaders in the colonies saw the collapse of the Spanish government as an opportunity to take over colonial governments and gain independence from Spain. Simon Bolivar lead Venezuela to independence from Spain. Jose de San Martin led Argentina to freedom.