Download Ch 23 French Revolution

Revolution
You say you want a revolution
Well, you know, we all want to change the world
You tell me that it’s evolution
Well, you know, we all want to change the world
But when you talk about destruction
Don’t you know that you can count me out
Don’t you know it’s going be alright, . .
alright . . alright
You say you got a real solution
Well, you know, we’d all love to see the plan
You ask me for a contribution
Revolution
But if you want money for people with minds that
hate
All I can say is – brother you will have to wait
Don’t you know it’s going be alright . .
alright . . .alright
You say you’ll change the Constitution
Well you know, we all want to change your head
You tell me it’s the institution
Well, you know, you better free your mind
instead
But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao
You ain’t going make it with anyone anyhow
French Revolution
How the world viewed France…
Most Advanced Culture
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Enlightenment
Great economy via trade
Large population
Problems in France
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taxes
high prices,
- Enlightenment causing
discontent with the
government
The Old Regime
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Divided into 3 social classes or Estates
1st Estate (less than 1% of the people) – clergy
from the Roman Catholic Church, paid little taxes;
owned 10% of the land
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2nd Estate (2%) – rich nobles – paid almost no
taxes; owned 20% of the land
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3rd Estate (98%) – bourgeoisie (educated
merchants and artisans); paid high taxes & lacked
privileges/ Workers of France (cooks & servants) /
peasants = 80 % of the 3rd Estate; paid half their
income to nobles; tithes to the church; taxes to the
king’s agents
Who was paying the taxes?
The Government & Social Structure
The Estates General
1st Estate
2nd Estate
Nobles, approx. 2%,
paid little taxes
Middle Class – Bourgeoisie, merchants & artisans
General Workers
All other people
3rd Estate
80 % of the 3rd Estate
were poor – peasants
and servants with little
income.
Each estate got one vote in the Estates General. The vote was
always 2 to 1, with the first two estates voting together.
What motivated the 3rd Estate?
*Enlightenment Ideas
Answer: New words (equality, liberty, brotherhood) and
new views about power; radical ideas from Voltaire and
Rousseau
*French Problems Included
1. Population & taxes were rising
2. Bad weather meant Crop failures – led to bread
shortages
3. King Louis XVI & Maria Antoinette - overspending
causing rising debt
(some of this $$ went to support the American colonies
against Britain.)
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Why did France help America?
The combination of Enlightenment and problems led
France toward a crisis.
Louis XVI and M. Antoinette
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
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Strong leadership could have solved this crisis, but
Louis XVI took NO action to prevent the crisis. France
was bankrupt. Louis preferred to hunt and tinker with
locks. He married Marie Antoinette, when he was 15
and she was 14. She was a member of the royal
family of Austria, France’s long-time enemy.
Louis XVI tried to tax the nobles…
Nobles forced the king to call the Estates
General for approval to raise taxes
The Estates General met for the 1st time in
175 years!
The Estates-General
The National Assembly
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Louis XVI called the E. General
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To raise taxes on aristocrats
Third Estate insisted that all estates meet to discuss
taxes
Third Estate proposed that each delegate have one
vote
Louis XVI said NO (the advantage would shift to the
ordinary people)
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With some support from the First Estate, the Third
Estate withdrew to become the National Assembly.
The National Assembly
The National Assembly – June 17, 1789
* worked to end the absolute monarchy
* declared their intention to establish a
representative form of government
The Tennis Court Oath
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The National Assembly met 3 days
later:
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Locked out of the meeting room
Moved to a tennis court
Swore to keep meeting until they wrote
a new constitution.
Storming of Bastille
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In response: Louis XVI tried to
make peace with Third Estate
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Order nobles & clergy to join Third Estate
in the Nat. Assembly
Stationed Swiss Guard in Paris
Based on rumor citizens gathered arms
out of fear of the Swiss Guard
Mobs broke into the Bastille (prison in
Paris) in order to get gun powder.
The storming of Bastille became the
symbol of the revolution. This day, July
14th has been a French national holiday,
similar to the U.S. Fourth of July.
The Storming of Bastille - Art
The Great Fear
A wave of panic, based on
rumor rolled, through
Paris
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Rumors of nobles out to
terrorize peasants spread.
When it didn’t happen,
peasants broke into nobles
estates destroying legal
documents and burning the
estates
Bread Riots
Oct. 1789: 6,000 Parisian
women rioted over bread
prices
 Men and women marched to
Versailles
 Broke into the palace and
killed two guards
 Demanded Louis, Marie
Antoinette, and their children
go to Paris
[ THIS SIGNALED A CHANGE
OF POWER]
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2: REVOLUTION = TERROR & REFORM
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Feudal privilege of the 1st and 2nd
Estates were swept away
Declaration of the Rights of Man was
written, reflecting the natural rights
of man and closely following the
Declaration of Independence
State Controlled Church
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National Assembly
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took over church lands
church officials were to be
elected by property owners and
paid with state funds
Church Lost
Independence
 Wealth in lands
{the delegates felt it was better
to take from the church than
the bourgeoisie who were
supporters of the revolution}
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The Church
National Assembly
- hoped to sell church
lands to pay debt
- angered the poor who
supported the church
- eventually the peasants
failed to support the
revolutionary actions of the
National Assembly
Split of the Legislative Assembly
The Legislative
Assembly
- created a limited monarchy
- stripped the king of power
- gave the assembly power
to make laws
Old Problems Still Existed
- food shortages
- government debt
Legislative Assembly Splits
Radicals (left) – sans-coulottes
 Opposed the king and monarchy
 Wanted sweeping changes
 Power to the people
Moderates (centrists)
 Wanted some changes
 Not as extreme as radicals
Conservatives (right) – emirges
 Supported limited monarchy
 Wanted few changes in government
War And Extreme Measures
War At Home & Foreign War
Radicals hoped to spread war
throughout Europe
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Austria & Prussia proposed putting the
king back on the throne
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Leg. Assembly declared war on
Prussia, later joined by Austria
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Prussia threatened to destroy Paris if
the king was harmed!
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20,000 French stormed the palace and
imprisoned the royal family
Changes in the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly
- set aside the constitution
- deposed the king
-
called for new elections
(assembly)
- new assembly called National
Convention
Execution Of The King
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Mob mentality in Paris
Political clubs formed
Most radical club – Jacobins
Paul Marat – newspaper editor stirred the fires
of revolution
- stabbed by a member of
a rival faction as he
bathed
Execution Of The King
National Convention
- abolished the monarchy
- declared France a
republic
- Louis XVI became
common citizen & prisoner
- then tried for treason –
guilty
- Louis is executed by
the guillotine on Jan. 21,
1793.
France
Terror Begins
Drafted 300,000 men, 18 – 40
 By 1794, 800,000 men & women in
the army
Maximilien Robespierre
 Wanted to build a republic of virtue
 Destroy every trace of former France
 Became the leader of the Committee
of Public Safety in the summer of
1793.
 From 1793 to 1794 he governed
France like a dictator; decided who
were enemies of the republic
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The Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre
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He justified the Reign of Terror explaining
that it enable French citizens to remain true
to the ideals of the Revolution.
Marie Antoinette was executed; she
apologized when she accidentally stepped
on the executioner’s foot.
Executed other revolutionary leaders who
were “less radical” (Georges Danton)
Thousands of citizens were executed
85% of those killed were poor or middle
class – those the revolution were supposed
to help (a tavern keeper for serving sour
wine to “defenders of the Revolution)
Victims: 3,000 in Paris; 40,000 killed all
together
End Of The Terror
National Convention Members
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Were afraid of Robespierre
No one was safe from execution
Joined together to have him
arrested
Executed on July 28, 1794
Drafted a new constitution (3rd) that
placed power in the upper middle
class; had a two-house legislature; it Execution of
was called the Directory, the
Robespierre
executive body of 5 who appoint
Napoleon as head of the military
3:
Napoleon
Napoleon : achieved great status
in only 4 yrs (1795-1799)
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Born in Corsica
Was sent to military school at 9 yrs
In 1785 at 16 he became a lieutenant
in the artillery
When revolution started he joined the
new government
Successfully defended the delegates of
the National Convention against
royalists
National hero and savior of the republic
Victories against Austria
Suffered defeat in Egypt, but did not
harm his career
Coup d’Etat
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After returning from Egypt, Abbe Sieyes urged
Napoleon to seize political power.
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Troops drove out members of one chamber of the
national legislature.
The Directory was dissolved!
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Replaced by a consul of 3 (one of them was Napoleon)
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Napoleon assumed dictatorial power
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Led a coup, (Coup d’ Etat) sudden take over of the
government
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Britain, Austria, & Russia formed and alliance against France
(Napoleon)
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Through war & diplomacy, eventually all three nations signed
a peace agreement.
Napoleon – Government Changes
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Popular vote (plebiscite)approved a new constitution
Gave real power to Napoleon
Napoleon’s Reforms
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Established national banks
Created a more efficient tax collection system
Fired corrupt officials
Established lycees, gov’t run public schools
Signed a concordat with pope giving some
power back to the church
Gov’t would appoint bishops, who would
appoint priests
Establishment of the Napoleonic Code, a
uniform set of laws for the lands of France
Economic
Gov’t
Church
Laws
Napoleon Crowned Emperor
Dec. 2, 1804
French voters supported
Napoleon’s desire to become
emperor.
Walked down the long aisle of
Notre Dame Cathedral in
Paris…
Napoleon took the crown from
the pope and crowned himself
emperor of France!
With this arrogant gesture,
Napoleon signaled that he
was more powerful than the
church.
Napoleon Builds An Empire
America bought French Louisiana for 15,000,000
dollars
- Napoleon needed the cash
- Wanted to cut his losses in the Americas
Conquering Europe
- already conquered Austrian Netherlands
and Northern Italy; set up a puppet
government in Switzerland
- Britain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden
joined in a third coalition against France
- Napoleon crushed the opposition. The commanders of the
coalition could never predict Napoleon’s next move and took
heavy losses.
- Eventually, all but Britain signed a peace agreement with
Napoleon
Trafalgar – Battle at Sea
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Battle of Trafalgar
- naval battle off of the coast of Spain
- British fleet commander Horatio Nelson
- British outmaneuvered the French & Spanish fleets
Outcome
- supremacy of the British
navy for the next 100 years
- forced Napoleon to give up
plans for invading Britain
This is a test question!
4:
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
1.Continental System
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Napoleon ordered a blockade of ports
to stop all European nations from
trading with Britain
Intended to make the continent of
Europe self-sufficient.
Lots of smuggling/blockade running
made the Continental System
ineffective. (Even his own brother,
Luis-King of Holland, defied the
policy)
Some damage to the British economy
was sustained.
Napoleon’s Continental System
Napoleon’s Three Mistakes
2. Peninsular Wars
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Portugal ignored the blockade of the
Continental System
Napoleon sent an army through Spain to
attack Portugal
Spaniards protested
Spanish king deposed, Napoleon’s
brother, Joseph, made the king of Spain
Spanish guerrillas attacked Napoleon’s
troops for 5 years
Napoleon lost 300,000 men, weakening
the French empire
Napoleon’s Three Mistakes
3. Invasion of Russia
- invaded Russia for ignoring the
blockade
- as Napoleon entered Russia, Russian
troops pulled back toward Moscow
- burned the land in retreat, know as
scorched-earth policy
- Russian troops burned Moscow as
Napoleon entered the city
- French troops were caught in Russian
winter storms
- French lost 500 of the 600 thousand
troops
- Napoleon left his troops to get back to
France on their own
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon’s Downfall
Britain, Russia, Prussia, &
Sweden joined forces against
Napoleon
- quickly defeated him
- April (1814) Napoleon gave up
the throne
- Napoleon exiled to Elba (off the
Italian coast)
Napoleon’s Downfall
Napoleon
- on Elba under British watch
- heard Louis XVIII was losing favor
with the French people for failure to
keep revolutionary reforms
- when left unguarded, escaped
- quickly assembled an army
- marched on Paris
- Louis XVIII fled
- once again became Emperor
The Last 100 Days
European allies gathered against Napoleon
- last battle in Waterloo, Belgium
- hard fought battle
- late in the battle Prussians arrived to help the
British defeat the French
- exiled to the remote south Atlantic island of St.
Helena, Napoleon died (6 years later)
5:
Congress of Vienna
Goal: To establish long lasting peace in Europe
Foreign ministers from Britain &
France
Frederick William III – Prussia
Alexander I – Russia
Francis I – Austria
Klemens von Metternich –foreign minister of
Austria
1.
2.
3.
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Prevent future French aggression
Create a balance of power
Restore Europe’s royal families to
the thrones they held before
Napoleon’s conquest
Congress of Vienna Outcome
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Make weak
countries around
France stronger
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France had to give
up territories taken
by Napoleon
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Allow former royal
families to be
restored
Other Changes and Legacy
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Holy Alliance
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Concert of Europe
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Russia, Austria and Prussia entered into a loosely binding
military alliance
Series of alliances allowing European nations to help each
other in case of revolution outbreaks
Legacy
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Congress of Vienna influential for the next 100 years
Balance of power maintained
Rise of nationalism
Global Impact
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Revolutions in Haiti: The French colony
called St. Domingue, today known as Haiti,
was the first Latin American territory to free
itself from European rule.
Nearly 500,000 African slaves, under the
leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture led a
revolution against Napoleon’s France.
Haiti won its independence and declared
the colony free on January 1, 1804.
First Black colony to free itself from Europe
control.
Global Impact: Spanish Colonies Gain
Freedom
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Class conflicts had begun in Spain’s American
colonies. Peninsulares, colonists who had been born
in Spain, dominated over the Creoles, those born in
the colonies themselves, that were denied power.
When Napoleon forced the Spanish king to
abdicated, Creole leaders in the colonies saw the
collapse of the Spanish government as an
opportunity to take over colonial governments and
gain independence from Spain.
Simon Bolivar lead Venezuela to independence from
Spain.
Jose de San Martin led Argentina to freedom.