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Napoleon 1769 - 1821
Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Which Napoleon would you want as a ruler?
Vocabulary
Meritocracy: leadership chosen on the basis of
abilities and achievements rather than
birthright
Coup d’Etat: the sudden violent overthrow of a
government and seizure of political power
(especially by the military).
Abdicate: to give up a high office formally or
officially, especially the throne
Napoleon-Early Life
Napoleon was born in 1769 on the Mediterranean island
of Corsica- the same year Corsica was reclaimed
from Italy from France.
He came from minor Corsican nobility
His father secured a scholarship at a military school in
France-age 10.
From there he advanced
to the École Militaire
Napoleon-Background
Not a revolutionary before the Revolution, but
welcomed the changes
The Revolution opened up French society-would
abolish privileges of the nobility and clergy
He rose through the ranks during the foreign
battles of the French Revolution
He was able to rise due to meritocracy.
École Militaire
Young Military Officer
In 1785, at age 16, he was
commissioned as a lieutenant
in the French army.
By the age of only 25,
Napoleon was made a
brigadier general by the
Committee of Public Safety.
He won a series of victories as
the French commander against
armies in Italy.
The Egyptian Campaign
In 1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt.
His army had great military sucess on land
The campaign became doomed to failure when his naval
fleet was destroyed.
Battle of the Nile
Napoleon was defeated by a
British navy under
Admiral Horatio Nelson,
who destroyed the French
fleet at the Battle of the
Nile.
Abandoning his troops in
Egypt, Napoleon returned
to France and received a
hero’s welcome!
British Admiral Horatio Nelson
Egyptian Campaign: 1798 to 1801
The Rosetta Stone
Coup d’Etat
Napoleon’s combination of intelligence, charm,
wit, and decisiveness allowed him to win the
support of his troops and others.
Napoleon took part in the coup d’etat that
overthrew the Directory.
Even though in theory France was a republic,
Napoleon held absolute power as the first
consul of a new government called the
consulate.
18 Brumaire - Nov. 9, 1799
The Directory was a
weak and corrupt
leadership of five men.
Napoleon succeeded in a
Coup d’état – he
overthrew the
Directory.
Abbe Sieyès said of him:
Confidence from
below; authority
from above.
Napoleon overthrowing the Directory
Was Napoleon a Dictator?
Napoleon appointed members of the
bureaucracy, controlled the army, conducted
foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature.
Once in power, Napoleon employed generosity,
flattery and bribery to win over some of his
enemies
He was ruthless in suppressing opposition
1802 Napoleon made himself consul for life
1804 Crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I
Strong Government Control
He shut down 60 of France’s 73 newspapers,
insisting that the government view all
manuscripts before they are published, and
having government police read people’s mail.
He never stopped reminding the French that he
preserved what was beneficial in the
revolutionary program.
Napoleon’s Lasting Changes
Instituted a school system
to educate the masses
Code Napoléon
Centralized Government
Normalized relations with
the Catholic Church
Created the Bank of France
Lycee System of Education
Established by Napoleon in 1801.
System of schools under strict government
control to ensure well-trained government
officials and military officers
Meritocracy and Promotion
Napoleon developed a powerful, centralized
administrative machine with promotion based
on ability.
Opening government careers to individuals
based on their ability was one change the
middle class wanted.
Napoleon created a new aristocracy based on
merit in the state service.
Concordat of 1801
Napoleon wanted to heal the
divisions within the
Catholic Church that had
developed after the
confiscation of Church
property and the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy.
Catholicism was declared the
religion of the majority of
the French.
Outcome of Concordat
Papal acceptance of church
lands lost during the
Revolution.
Bishops subservient to the
government
Pope Pius VII later renounced
the Concordat
The Pope excommunicated
Napoleon.
Napoleon had the Pope brought
to France and placed him
under house arrest.
Pope Pius VII
Napoleon in the New World
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Sold for $15,000,000-Napoleon needed to
money to fight his foreign wars.
Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804
Slaves in the New World were
inspired by the ideas of the
French Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture – a
former slave led a revolt to
free the slave in Haiti
It was a brutal conflict
Result: the elimination of slavery
and the establishment of Haiti
as the first republic ruled by
people of African and black
Caribbean ancestry.
Haitian Independence 1804
Of the many rebellions that occurred in the New
World during the centuries of slavery, only
Haiti was successful in achieving permanent
independence under a new nation.
The Haitian Revolution is regarded as a defining
moment in the history of Africans in the New
World.
Crowned Himself Emperor of the French
December 2, 1804 Notre Dame
Emperor Napoleon & Empress Josephine-1806 by David
Napoleon placed the
crown on his own
head, instead of
being crowned by the
head of the Church.
He then crowned
Josephine.
Painting by David.
Consul vs. Emperor
Note the plainer
appearance of
Napoleon when he
first became
Consul, as
compared to the
much more grand
scene of him once
his imperial
ambition had been
revealed and he
had seated himself
as Emperor
Napoleonic Code 1804
Napoleon’s most famous domestic achievement
was codifying French laws.
Before the revolution France had up to 300
separate legal systems.
Embodied Enlightenment principles.
Napoleonic Code 1804
The chair at Malmaison
where Napoleon sat as
he wrote his Civil Code.
Napoleon's personal
copy of the Civil Code
Napoleon’s Civil Code
Recognized equality before the law, the right to
choose a profession, religious toleration, ended
feudalism.
The Code outlawed unions and strikes.
Opened government careers to more people.
Undid revolutionary changes, such as making
divorce easy for both men and women, and
allowing children, including daughters, to
inherit property.
Women Lose Rights Under the Code
Men gained complete authority over their wives and
children
The new code made it harder for women to divorce.
Women were unable to
exercise their rights as
full citizens
Napoleon the Lawmaker.
Painting by Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse.
Napoleon’s Empire
Napoleon created a vast French Empire through
war and conquest.
Annexed the Netherlands, Belgium and parts of
Italy and Germany.
Abolished the Holy Roman Empire and created
the Confederation of the Rhine under French
protection.
Cut the Prussian territory in half
Turned part of Poland into the Grand Duchy of
Warsaw
Napoleon’s Grand Empire
His Grand Empire had three parts: the French
Empire, dependent states, and allied states.
The dependent states were kingdoms that
Napoleon’s relatives ruled, including Spain,
Holland, Italy, and the Grand Duchy of
Warsaw.
The allied states were those Napoleon defeated
and forced to join him in war against Britain.
These included Prussia, Austria, Russia, and
Sweden.
Napoleon’s Influence Spread
French armies under Napoleon spread ideas of
the revolution across Europe.
The army backed liberal reforms in the lands
they conquered.
In some places titles of nobility were abolished,
church privileges ended, careers open to men
of talent
The Napoleonic Code influenced the continent
(and Latin America)
Wherever it was implemented in the conquered
territories, the Code Napoleon swept away feudal
property relations.
Napoleonic Europe 1799-1815
Battle of Trafalgar 1805
Napoleon dreamed of conquering Great Britain.
Britain defeated a combined French-Spanish fleet at
Trafalgar – a decisive British naval victory
Ended Napoleon’s dream of invading England.
Nelson was mortally wounded during the battle,
becoming Britain's greatest
war hero
Napoleon tried to use the
Continental System
to defeat Britain.
The Continental System
Napoleon banned British goods in the lands he
controlled.
The Continental System was intended to stop British
goods from reaching continental markets.
The main flaw in the Continental Plan was that
Britain still had naval dominance
Allied states resented being told they could not buy
British goods, and this strategy failed as well.
The Continental System 1806-1810
Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph (son) King of Rome
Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples
Napoleon in Spain
The Third of May
1808 by Goya
Shows Napoleon's
troops
executing the
defenders of
Madrid
Beginning of the End
Napoleon’s fall began with his invasion of
Russia, which had refused to remain in the
Continental System.
In 1812 a Grand Army of over six hundred
thousand men entered Russia.
Napoleon needed to score a quick, decisive
victory.
The Russians would not fight but kept retreating.
Scorched earth policy!!
Moscow Ablaze
Defeat in Russia
Russian’s burned their villages, and even
Moscow, as they wanted to deny the French
food and supplies.
Lacking food, Napoleon left Moscow after two
months to retreat.
He left in October, so his “Great Retreat”
happened under terrible winter conditions.
Only forty thousand men arrived back in Poland.
Other European nations rose up to attack the
crippled French army- NATIONALISM!!.
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow
Painting by Adolf Northern
Route of the Great Retreat
First Exile
Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the island
of Elba on 4 May, 1814.
The Bourbons are Back!
Louis XVIII r. 1814-1824
Louis XVI’s brother,
restored the Bourbon
monarchy.
He agreed to accept the
changes Napoleon made.
The king had little support.
Napoleon Escapes
Napoleon escaped from exile on Elba.
Troops were sent to capture him, but on their
meeting, Napoleon opened his coat and invited
anyone who would to kill the emperor.
No one did and instead the troops shouted, “Vive
l’Empereur” (“Long Live the Emperor”).
Napoleon entered Paris in triumph on March
20, 1815.
His reign lasted 100 days.
Waterloo
At the Battle of
Waterloo in Belgium
in 1815, Napoleon was
defeated by a combined
British and Prussian
army under the Duke
of Wellington.
Waterloo
Painting by Clément-Auguste Andrieux
Permanent Exile on St. Helena
The allies exiled Napoleon to St. Helena, a small
island in the south Atlantic held by the British.
Napoleon’s power ended.
He never saw France or his family again.
Death of Napoleon
Napoleon died on 5 May 1821
Cause of death is now considered to be cancer- not
poisoning!
Burial on St. Helena
Napoleon’s Final Resting Place
Les Invalides- Paris
Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire
The survival of Great Britain and the force of
nationalism are the two main causes of the
quick collapse of Napoleon’s empire.
What was the legacy of Napoleon?
Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of
the revolution.
France was a centralized state with a constitution
Citizens had rights to property and access to
education.
Château de Malmaison
His home with his wife Josephine.
Office and Bedroom
Putting Europe Back Together:
Congress of Vienna -1815
Prince Klemens von Metternich
What was the meeting which attempted to restore
Europe to what it had been before the French
Revolution and Napoleon?
What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?
What is the belief that no one country should be more
powerful than the others?
What was the legacy of Napoleon?
What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna?
Portrait by Thomas Lawrence
Napoleon (1769-1821), is standing, holding sacred, similar to that of Roman emperors, others are merely passive
spectators.
Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763-1814), is kneeling in a submissive position, as called for in the French Civil Code.
She received the crown from the hands of her husband, not the pope. Her robe is decorated with silk according
to a contemporary cartoon by Jean-Francois Bony.[citation needed]
Maria Letizia Ramolino (1750-1836), mother of Napoleon, was placed in the stands by the painter. She occupies a
place more important than the pope. Actually, she did not attend the ceremony to protest the friction of
Napoleon with his brothers Lucien and Joseph. Napoleon's father, Charles Bonaparte, died in 1785. Maria
Letizia asked the painter to give it a place of honor.[dubious – discuss] In 1808, when Napoleon discovered the
canvas completed in the workshop of David, he was transported, and said his gratitude to the painter who had
managed to pay tribute to posterity to the affection he was carrying a woman who shared with him the burden
of his office.[citation needed]
Louis Bonaparte (1778-1846), who at the beginning of the empire received the title of grand constable, King of
Holland, in 1806. He married Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Josephine.
Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844), who was not invited and did not attend because of an argument with Napoleon.
This is why his mother did not attend either. After the coronation, he received the title of imperial prince. Then
he was king of Naples in 1806 and Spain in 1808.
The young Napoleon Charles Bonaparte (1802-1807), son of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beauharnais.
The sisters of Napoleon.
Charles-Francois Lebrun (1739-1824), the third consul alongside Napoleon and Cambacérès. Under the First
Empire, he took the place of prince-architrésorier. He holds the sceptre.
Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753-1824), arch-chancellor prince of the empire. He takes the hand of justice.
Louis-Alexandre Berthier (1753-1815), minister of war under the Consulate. Marshal Empire in 1805. He keeps the
globe surmounted by a cross.
Talleyrand (1754-1836), grand chamberlain since July 11, 1804.
Joachim Murat (1767-1815), marshal of empire, king of Naples after 1808, brother-in-law of Napoleon and
husband of Caroline Bonaparte.
Pope Pius VII (1742-1823), was content to bless the coronation. He is surrounded by dignitaries clerics, appointed
by Napoleon since the Concordat. In order not to jeopardize the new balance between Church and State, the
pope accepted to attend the coronation.[citation needed]
The painter Jacques-Louis David is depicted in the stands as well.
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/consys.htm
Trafalgar
Painting by Joseph Turner
Britain survived principally because of its sea power,
which made Britain virtually invulnerable.
http://www.musees-nationaux-napoleoniens.org/en/homes/home_id24833_u1l2.htm
Europe Under Napoleon
Europe After the Congress of Vienna
On February 26, 1815, Napoleon managed to sneak past his
guards and somehow escape from Elba, slip past interception
by a British ship, and return to France. Immediately, people
and troops began to rally to the returned Emperor. French
police forces were sent to arrest him, but upon arriving in his
presence, they kneeled before him. Triumphantly, Napoleon
returned to Paris on March 20, 1815. Paris welcomed him with
celebration, and Louis XVIII, the new king, fled to Belgium.
With Louis only just gone, Napoleon moved back into the
Tuileries. The period known as the Hundred Days had begun.