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World War I Dates: 1914-1918 Great Nations at the start of the Great War (World War I): Great Britain (England) France Germany Austria-Hungary Russia Italy USA Ottoman (Turkish) Empire Militarism – Extreme readiness for war by building up of arms, army and readiness (population). ◦ Caused a buildup of military during late 1870-1914, esp. 1890s. ◦ By 1914 all but Britain had large army and plans for mobilization Alliances – Used to boost defensive power, these proved to be the cause of major tensions due to the connections between so many nations. Imperialism - Caused competition for pride, land, resources. Nationalism – Nations acted in their own selfinterest, desiring to be free from the influence of other countries and prove their ethnicity as best. Britain vs. Germany ◦ Industrialization ◦ Navy buildup (British “two power standard”, Germany was #2) France vs. Germany ◦ Franco-Prussian War (1870) (Germany Won) ◦ Morocco (1905, 1911) (France Won) Austria-Hungary vs. Russia ◦ Balkans and ethnic disputes ◦ Non-frozen seaport for Russia Unification of Germany by Otto von Bismarck through wars and diplomacy from 1864-1871. 1879 – Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria Hungary (Secretly included Russia) 1882- Italy joins making the Triple Alliance 1887 – Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany after Austria Hungary breaks 1879 treaty with Russia. 1890 – Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismarck to Resign and lets Russian treaty expire 1892 and 1894 – France and Russia make treaties 1904 – Britain signs am entente cordiale or friendly understanding with France 1907 – Britain signs a treaty with Russia, completing the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and Russia) 1908 – Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina Balkans as the “Powder Keg of Europe” Austria-Hungary and Serbia both hoped to absorb all the Southern Slavic people into their nation. 1912- First Balkan War - Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece take remaining Balkan lands from the Ottoman Empire (Albania was created). 1913 – Second Balkan War – Bulgaria attempts to take the spoils from first war from Greece and Serbia but loses. June 28, 1914 Franz and Sophie Ferdinand visit Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia. ◦ Assassinated by Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip (19) of “Black Hand” ◦ Serbian officials knew of attempt but were not involved. ◦ Austria-Hungary asks for and receives a “blank check” promise of support from Germany to attack Serbia. ◦ July 23 48 hour Ultimatum made by Austria to Serbia. Serbia accepts all but one demand (Austrian-Hungarian officials into Serbia) ◦ July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia July 28 - Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war lead to… July 29 - Russia mobilizing on Austria-Hungary leading to… July 29-31 - Germany asking Russia to stop or else leading to… August 1 – Germany declaring war on Russia (after no response) and then… August 3 – Germany declared war on France and marched through neutral Belgium, which lead to… August 4 - Britain declaring war on Germany to defend Belgium. Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Italians (switch sides, Spring 1915) and later the U.S.) ◦ Japan sided with the Allies under Emperor Hirohito ◦ T.E. Lawrence of Arabia led the Arab resistance against the Ottoman Empire Japanese over German China and Pacific island colonies English and French over 3 out of 4 German African colonies In India, Mohandas Gandhi urged Indian support for the War All resources devoted to war No unemployment Rationing is widespread including both foods and materials Suppression of information including propaganda Machine Gun Flamethrower ◦ Used Napalm or jellied gasoline Artillery ◦ Long range guns that could fire different types of rounds, including some filled with poison gas or even propaganda literature. Poison gas ◦ Including mustard, chlorine, phosgene, etc. that caused blinding, blisters, and even death. ◦ First used by the Germans in 1915, but both sides used it by the war’s end. Tank ◦ Introduced in 1916 by the British, but both sides were using them by war’s end. ◦ Heavily armored with mounted machine guns. ◦ Used to cover uneven ground and barbed wire. Airplanes Submarines (also called the U-boat) By 1917, the convoy system reduced sinking by u-boats by 50% ◦ First used for watching the enemy then bombing then “dog fights” between planes ◦ Planes were first made of wood and cloth with no parachutes, the engine could fall out. ◦ French were first to design timer for the machine gun and propeller ◦ Eddie Rickenbacker (America) vs. Baron Manfred von Richthofen (Germany aka Red Baron) were the most famous pilots ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 1914 Germans used them the most Underwater missiles (torpedoes) ¾ of crews never made it home Mostly used in the Atlantic and the North Sea to break blockades of supplies Home by Christmas turns into a stalemate Germans were guided by the Schlieffen Plan ◦ General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen ◦ Proposed taking France through Belgium, then focusing on Russia due to its lack of railroad, slow mobilization and superior numbers. Germans push to take Paris, France but are stopped at the First Battle of the Marne River (Sept 3-9, 1914) Germans then pushed towards the sea, but were stopped by the British in a series of battles (Masurian Lake, Sept 1914; Ypres, Nov 1914) After this, trench warfare became the norm. It included: ◦ Flooded trenches, rats, mud, artillery shelling, and lack of sleep and food ◦ Death with the average death count at 6400 per day ◦ No man’s land – Space between opposing trenches Filled with mines, barbed wire, dead bodies, huge holes from artillery ◦ After days of artillery shelling, troops would go “over the top” of the trenches to attack, often retreat, and then counter attack. ◦ May 1915 – Italy signed a secret treaty to join the Allies, opening up a southern front Feb. 1916 - Battle of Verdun ◦ Won by the Germans against British and French forces ◦ 600000 men lost for 4 miles gained July 1916 - Battle of the Somme ◦ Eventually won by the British ◦ 500000 Germans, 600000 Allies men lost for 5 miles gained U.S. entrance in April 2, 1917 due to: ◦ Unrestricted submarine warfare May 2, 1915 American tanker sunk by German U-boat May 7, 1915 Lusitania is sunk by German U-boat 128 Americans were killed in the attack Germany backs off for a time, but resumed attacks in 1917. Oct 1917 – Battle of Caporetto ◦ Austrians, with German reinforcements, push back Italians ◦ Only with British and French help is the advance stopped 20 miles north of Venice Flu epidemic begins in East Asia and spreads west ◦ Troops moving cause fast spread ◦ 22 million die worldwide ◦ Over 500,000 Americans March to May 1918 – 2nd Battle of Marne River ◦ The French, led by Marshal Ferdinand Foch and 140000 American Troops defeated the Germans with 350 tanks. ◦ The Zimmerman note Sent to Mexico April 2, 1917 Attempted to get Mexico to attack the U.S. on the side of the Central Powers June 1918 - Germans 50 Miles from France were halted at Chateau-Thierry by US and French Forces (50% troop loss). ◦ The use of tank helped halt the attack. November 1918 - Ottoman, Bulgarians, Austria Hungary had all surrendered at this point Sept 26, 1918 Battle of Argonne - Leads to armistice Nov 9, 1918 Armistice due to a revolt against Wilhem II, who fled to the Netherlands War ends 11/11/18 at 11 am. Extended from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea Russians and Serbs battled Germans, AustriaHungarians, and Turks (Ottoman Empire) 1914 – Armenian Massacre 2 million Christians killed by Turks August 1914 - Battle of Tannenberg ◦ Germans beat 2 Russian Armies ◦ Russia not industrialized which meant short on food, ammo, clothes, etc. due to Germany’s blockade of Baltic Sea and Ottoman Empire’s blockade of Black Sea December 1914 - Limanova ◦ 17-day battle where Austria defeats Russia Fall of 1915 – Bulgaria joins the Central Powers ◦ With the help of German, Bulgaria overruns Serbia Feb 1915 to Jan 1916 – Battle of Gallipoli ◦ British, Australian, New Zealand and French troops vs. Ottoman Empire, with help from Germany and Austria-Hungary ◦ Allies Retreat losing 250000 troops ◦ Allies wanted Constantinople to open Russia and Austria via the Danube River through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (Black Sea Entrance) Russian withdrawal from the war ◦ Fall of Czar Nicholas II Lack of food for population Lack of victory on the battlefield ◦ March 1917 – March Revolution Replaced the Czar with a provisional government ◦ Nov.1917 - Communist Revolution Lead by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ◦ March 1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Peace with Germany Surrendered about 25% of their land and population to Germany as part of the treaty Done with the war Lodz November 1914 Galicia May 1915 Kovel June 1916 Czerowitz June 1916 Kerensky Offensive July 1917 8.5-10 million soldiers died 1 millon civilians died 21 Million wounded $350 billion dollars total cost Jan 18, 1918 - Versailles Peace Conference ◦ 32 countries in attendance ◦ The Big Four USA (Woodrow Wilson) France (Georges Clemenceau) Great Britain (David Lloyd George) Italy (Vittorio Orlando) ◦ No Central Power representation ◦ No Russian representation ◦ Issued first in Jan. 1918 (before war’s end) ◦ Point 1 - Called for the end of secret treaties ◦ Point 2-5 – Called for freedom of the seas, free trade, reduced armies and navies, and colonies resolved ◦ Points 6-13 - creating new nations (self determination) by ethnic lines ◦ Point 14 – Creation of a “League of Nations” Executive council (5), General assembly (32)) Motives differed during the conference: ◦ Britain David Lloyd George won reelection on saying he would squeeze Germany dry Britain wanted revenge and rewards (mostly African colonies) ◦ France Most of fighting took place on their land Revenge and security from Germany Wanted Alsace-Lorraine back, the creation of a buffer zone known as the Rhineland (between Germany and France) Also wanted reparations from Germany ◦ Italy Wanted the promise Austrian lands and one of its captured cities ◦ US wanted peace for all (Peace without victory) instead of rewards ◦ 5 treaties in total (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman) ◦ Germany Had to claim guilt for the War (War Guilt Clause) Lost land Alsace-Lorraine to France Colonies to League of Nations as Mandates (Controlled but not owned) Lost armed forces (No subs, planes, and weapons) Lost money (33 billion over 30 years (reparations) Germans signed only after threat of more war ◦ Austria-Hungary Divided into Austria and Hungary Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created from their lands Romania and Italy increased in size from their lands Austria could never unite with Germany Had to pay reparations ◦ Bulgaria Lost Aegean Sea coastline to Greece Had to pay reparations ◦ Ottoman Empire Divided into Turkey Divided into Palestine, Iraq, Trans-Jordan as mandates under British control Divided into Syria and Lebanon as mandates under French control ◦ Russia Romania was increased by their lands Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were all created from their lands Problems with the Treaty: ◦ Too much put on Germany Guilt Debt ◦ Territory was not as justly divided by national/ethnic lines ◦ Not enough given to Japan and Italy as promised ◦ Russia excluded and lost more land than Germany ◦ No American support for the Treaty or the League of Nations