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“The Great War” What were the causes and effects of “The War to End All Wars”? Assassination leads to War • June 28th 1914 • Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand • France, Russia, Great Britain • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Alliances • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire • Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia Alliances Militarism Schlieffen Plan • Defeat Russia Quickly and then turn efforts to France Battles Battles • Battle of Frontiers- 1914 Early German victory versus Great Britain and France • Battle of Tannenberg- 1914 Russians defeated by German Army • Battle of Marne- 1914 British and French counterattack pushes German troops back, Germans dig trenches • Italian Front- 1915 Italy enters war against AustriaHungary • Battle of Verdun- 1916 Germany versus France- over 400,000 casualties • Battle of Somme- 1916 Britain versus Germany- 60,000 British casualties on first day. • Battle of Ypres- 1917 British versus Germany near Belgium front lines did not change • Gallipoli- Allies versus Ottoman Empire 200,000 casualties • Armenian Massacre- Ottoman Empire practices genocide against Christian Armenians Total War Quiz • • • • • • Triple Alliance Triple Entente Central Powers Allied Powers Gavrilo Princip Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Why did an assassination lead the major European nations into war? • What was the impact of new types of warfare and new technologies on World War I? Russia and World War I What was the significance of the Russian Revolution on World War I and on World History? What was Russia’s experience in World War I? • Bolsheviks vs. Nicholas II • 6 Million Soldiers • Insufficient Factories • Transportation Issues • Outdated Military • Poor Leadership • Tremendous Costs • Czar takes control • Czarina Alexandra and Grigory Rasputin What were the main events of the Russian Revolution? • March Revolution 1917Nicolas II abdicates • Aleksandr Kerensky leads provisional government • Bolshevik RevolutionNovember 1917 called October Revolution from the Old Russian calendar • Vladimir Lenin in control – No Private Propertyland given to peasants – Government owned factories given to the workers What were the main events that took place after the Russian Revolution? • Leon Trotsky signs treaty ending Russia’s participation in WWI • Red Army vs White Army/Civil War • USSR formed in 1922, Lenin dies in 1924 The War Ends What led to the end of World War I and how was peace achieved? Why did the United States enter the war? • Woodrow Wilson- “He kept us out of war” • Election of 1916 • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • U-Boats • Lusitania • Zimmerman Note What events led to the end of the fighting? • New German Offensive- March 1918 • Second Battle of the Marne • Armistice What issues made the peace process difficult? • 14 Points • Big Four – – – – Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau Vittorio Orlando David Lloyd George • Treaty of Versailles – – – – War Guilt Clause Reparations Military Limits League of Nations • Mandates • Balfour Declaration What were the costs of war? • 9 Million soldiers • 13 Million Citizens • Flu epidemic- 50 Million people • $332 Billion estimated costs • Austria-Hungary and ottoman Empire dissolved • Russian Monarchy overturned • New Countries in Europe and Middle East • Colonies in Africa and Asia Quiz • • • • • • • • • Bolsheviks Grigory Rasputin Vladimir Lenin Woodrow Wilson U-Boats Zimmerman Note 14 Points Treaty of Versailles Balfour Declaration • What was the significance of the Russian Revolution on World War I and on World History? • What led to the end of World War I and how was peace achieved?