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Period 5:
Industrialization and
Global Integration,
c. 1750 to c. 1900
Industrial Revolution
 1700’s
 First inventions (steam engine, textiles)
 Movement of people to cities
 Small scale machines; more goods made with machines
 1800’s
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Industrialization spreads to US
Factories
Rapid urbanization; population growth
Rise of slavery
Growth of middle class
Developments in transportation and communication
Organization of workers
 1900’s
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Reform movements
Decline of child labor
Limits on big business
Industrialization spreads to Japan, Russia
I. Factors leading to the rise of
Industrialism
• Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean
• The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
• European demographic changes
• Urbanization
• Improved agricultural productivity
• Legal protection of private property
• An abundance of rivers and canals
• Access to foreign resources
• The accumulation of capital
II. Industrialization
 Developments
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Machines
Use of coal and oil as fuel
Factory system
Expansion of financial systems
Major developments in transportation and communication
 Railroads
 Steamships
 Telegraphs
 Canals
III. Long Term Industrialization
 Capitalism
 Formation of labor unions
 Reform movements
 Spread to other areas in the world
 Changes in society
 Demographic changes
 Family changes
Political Revolutions
A. American Revolution
 Mid-1700’s British colonies were economically
prosperous
 A series of wars and taxes caused boycotts and
protests in the colonies
 “No taxation without representation”- influenced by
Enlightenment ideas
 1776 Declaration of Independence
 Author Thomas Jefferson
 Influenced by John Locke
 Consent of the governed and individual freedom
Effects
 Introduced modern democracy
 US Constitution
 US Bill of Rights
 Declaration of Independence
 Encouraged other revolutions
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French
Haiti
Latin America
Vietnam
B. French Revolution
 Inspired by the American Revolution
 More radical in scope, and ideals
 Goal: Replace “old order” and absolute
monarch with new cultural, social and
political structures
 Immediate causes: Financial crisis,
inequalities between social classes
(estates)
 Events
 Many “paper victories”
 Declaration of the Rights of Man (equality of all
men)
 Abolished privileges of 1st and 2nd estates
 Limited constitutional monarchy
 Reign of Terror-use of Guillotine to kill
traitors, royal family
Reign of Napoleon
 Brought war to Europe
 Effects of Napoleon
 Unseated monarchs in Spain and Portugal
 Led to uprisings in their Latin American colonies
 Congress of Vienna/Concert of Europe
 Alliance of European monarchs
 Kept peace for 100 years
 United front against uprisings inspired by
Enlightenment
Changes-1750’s-1800’s
 Social and economic
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Creation of a middle class
Education
Feminist movements
Capitalism
Alternatives to capitalism-Karl Marx and socialism
Growth of cities
 Political
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Creation of US
US Constitution
Upheavals in Europe
Unifications of Germany and Italy
Key Concept 5.2
Imperialism
Imperialism and nation state formation
 Quest for overseas empires
 Partially a result of the Industrial Revolution
 Improvements in transportation and use of machines
caused increased demands for raw materials
 Reasons
 Economic benefits
 Show of power and wealth
 Gaining raw materials (rubber, cotton, tin) to be sent
back to factories
Colonialism
 Sending colonists to new lands
 Dominating the social, political, economic and
social structure
 North and South America: settler colonies
established by Europe
 Economic Colonies: India and southeast Asia (much
smaller amounts of colonists) Instead, businessmen
and government officials developed polices to benefit
the mother country
I. Creation of transoceanic empires and colonies
I.
British Empire
a. Britain in India
b. Belgium in Congo
c. British Empire Africa, Australia
d. South America
Societies at Crossroads
A. Ottoman Empire
 Territory declined in the 17th and 18th centuries
 Nationalist movements in Greece and Serbia (1840)
 Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt after reign of Napoleon (began
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process of Industrialization, cotton as an export)
Increase in European trade in the Mediterranean world caused Ottoman
trade to decline
1882- Grew dependent on European loans
1900 Difficulty controlling government; forced to decrease wages for
government officials while raising taxes on the peasants
Reforms:
 Mahmud II
 Tanzimat Reforms
 Sultan Hamid II
 Young Turks
B. Qing China
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C. Russia
 Russian tsars ruled as autocrats (absolute monarchs);
supported by the church and nobility (who were exempt
from taxes and military service)
 Peasants were the bulk of the population-most were
serfs
 1861 Alexander II: abolished serfdom. Serfs were given
no political rights and were taxed on the land
 Economic reform to modernize military
 Attempts at industrialization brought factories but poor
working conditions
5.3 Nationalism, Revolution
and Reform
 Growing Nationalism and Anti-Colonial Movements
 Boxer Rebellion
 Taiping Rebellion
 Self-Strengthing Movement
Nationalism, Revolution and
Reform
 Colonial Resistance to Imperialism
 Taiping Rebellion
 Ghost Dance
 Xhosa Cattle Kiling
Revolution and Reform
 Revolution in Haiti
 1790; slave plantation
 Latin American Independence Movements
 Simon Bolivar
 Defeated Spanish forces in Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador then Peru
Global Migration
1750-1900
 Middle of 18th Century, population of Europe increased
dramatically
 End of epidemic diseases
 Improved diets
 Decline in infant mortality
 Higher birth rate
 Migration pattern- West
 Migration from country to city (industrialism)
 Middle class away from city to emerging suburbs
Non-Western World
 Latin American population doubled in the 19th century
 Japan-improvements in nutrition and medical care
 China, Japan and Latin America-strain on natural
resources
 Environmental concerns: pollution, industrial waste
Patterns of migration and
immigration
 Settler colonies- brought Europeans and indigenous
peoples in America’s, Africa, Pacific, SE Asia
 Maoris of New Zealand and native Hawaiians lost over
half of their population to diseases
 Decrease in population led to a need for workers,
caused migration from China and Japan to Hawaii
From
To
REASON
Portugal, Italy
Brazil, Argentina
Need for agricultural
labor, coffee plantations
in Brazil
Some Italians were
seasonal
Russian Jews
Latin America
Escaping religious
persecution in Russia
Eastern Europe, Italy)
And Ireland
US
Looking for industrial
jobs, better life