Download Chapter 13 The Great War: 1914-1918

Today’s ObjectivesBy the end of today you will be
able to….
 Discuss the escalation of the war and
the concept of Trench warfare.
 Explain the roles nations and people
played in the war.
 Explain how the world became
involved in what started as a European
Conflict..
Chapter 11, Section 2
A New Kind
of War
Essential Question
How and where was World
War I fought?
Europe Plunges into War
Main Idea:
 Science and
Technology- One
European nation
after another was
drawn into a large
and industrialized
war that resulted in
many casualties.
Why it Matters Now
 Much of the technology
of modern warfare, such
as fighter planes and
tanks, was introduced in
World War I.
The Situation in Europe
1914- 2 rival camps:
• The Triple Alliance- AustriaHungary, Germany and Italy.
• The Triple Entente- Great
Britain, France and Russia.
Archduke Assassinated =
Alliance System Chain Reaction
on Serbia
2. Russia mobilizes
troops
3. Germany declares
war on Russia
4. Germany declares
war on France
5. Germany invades
Belgium
6. Britain declares war
on Germany
1. Austria declares war
The “Great War” Begins: 2
Opposing Sides
 Triple Alliance 
Central Powers –
Germany & AustriaHungary (AH)
• later joined by Bulgaria
and Ottoman Empire
 Triple Entente  Allies –
Great Britain (GB),
France, & Russia
• later joined by Japan,
Italy, and United States
A Bloody Stalemate
 Many thought the This region
war would be
became known
short.
as The Western
 The war turned
Front
into a long,
bloody stalemate  This meant
along the
that no side
battlefields of
was winning!
France.
Germany Strategy
 A war on both fronts.
 Schlieffen Plan 
Avoid two-front war
• Defeat France
quickly, then go
back to Russia
 Russia's weakness’:
• lack of
industrialization
& railroads
• difficult to
mobilize
The Schlieffen Plan
The War Begins
 Early September- The
Germans reach Paris.
 September 5, 1914Allies regroup and
Attack Germans.
 Fighting lasted 4 days
 Germans retreated.
 Battle of the Marne
• Germans lose 60
miles; ruins
Schlieffen Plan,
causing war on two
fronts!!
War on the Western Front = Stalemate
War in the Trenches
 Armies had dug miles of parallel
trenches to protect themselves from
enemy fire  Trench Warfaresoldiers fought each other from the
trenches.
• “The men slept in mud, washed in
mud, ate mud and dreamed in mud.”
• Rats: sleep was impossible.
• “No Mans Land”- space b/w the
trenches.
Trench Warfare
In the Trenches
Trenches
“Over the Top” into “No Man’s
Land”
Life in the Trenches
“Shells of all calibers kept raining
in our sector. The trenches
disappeared; filled with earth…the
air was unbreathable. Our
blinded, wounded, crawling, and
shouting soldiers kept falling on
top of us and died splashing us
with blood. It was living hell.”French Soldier
“Terrain of Death”
 “Imagine a broad belt, ten miles or so in width,
stretching from the channel to the German
frontier near Basle, which is positively littered
with the bodies of men and sacrificed with their
rude graves; in which farms, villages and
cottages are shapeless heaps of blackened
masonry; in which fields, roads and trees are
pitted and torn and twisted by shells and
disfigured by dead horses, cattle, sheep and
goats, scattered in every attitude of repulsive
distortion and dismemberment” – Valentine
Flemming (British officer)
New Technologies of War
Leads to more deaths and stalemate
• Machine guns
• Larger artillery
• Poison gas
• Armored tanks
• Airplanes
• U-boats
Machine Guns
British machine guns fired 8 rounds per second, at a
distance of 2,900 yards
Artillery
Greater power and carried
much further
24 million shells were used in
the battle of Verdun
Poison Gas
75 different types of poisongas bombs were used
Armored Tanks
Flame Throwers
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Fokker
Airplanes
U-boats
Zeppelins
Battle on the Eastern Front
 Eastern Front = German & Russian border
 1914 – Germans drive Russians into retreat;
Russians driven out of Austria-Hungary
 Russia loses 2 million men in 1915
 Russia is not industrialized, therefore they can’t
get supplies from Allies.
 Russia DID have
a large population.
The Battles Continue…
 Battle of the Somme - July 1916
• 20,000 British killed first day
No
Mans
Land
As the War
Continues…
Fighting spread beyond Europe to
Africa as well as to the Southwest
and Southeast Asia
The massive European conflict
soon became a world war
WWI
 More than a European conflict
• Australia, India and Japan joined the allies.
• Bulgaria and the Ottoman Turks joined the
central powers.
Winning
the War
Chapter 11, Section 3
Essential Question
How did the Allies win World
War I?
A Global Conflict
Main Idea
 WWI spread to
several continents
and required the full
resources of many
governments.
Why it Matters Now
 This war propelled the
United States to a new
position of
international power
which it holds today.
The Gallipoli Campaign
Purposes of campaign: END
STALE MATE!
1. Seize & secure
Dardanelles  a narrow
sea strait.
2. Take Ottoman capital,
Constantinople
3. Establish supply line to
Russia
Gallipoli Results
 Lasted from Feb.
to Dec. (1915)
 Allies suffered
250,000 casualties
 Allies eventually
give up
Battles in Africa and Asia
German’s colonies came under
assault.
British and French were recruiting• Many fought and died on the
battlefield.
• Colonial subjects had mixed
feelings.
U-Boats
 Jan. 1917- Germans announced that their
submarines would sink w/o warning any ship in
the waters around Britain  Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare
• German subs =U-boats
• This angered the US, 3 American ships were
struck.
America Joins the Fight
Cont…
 Zimmerman Note• Telegram written by Germany to Mexico
• Would help Mexico “re-conquer” land if it
allied itself with Germany.
THIS WAS THE LAST STRAW! APRIL 2, 1917US DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY.
US  ALLIES
War Affects the Home Front
 “Great War”  All were affected
 WWI became a Total War- when countries devote
all their resources to the war effort.
 Entire gov’t was devoted to winning the war.
• Took control of the economy
• Rationing- people could only buy small
amounts of the items that were also needed for
the war effort.
 Anti-war efforts were oppressed.
• Propaganda-one-sided information designed to
persuade and keep up morale and support for
the war
Women and the War
Replaced men in
factories and shops.
Experienced the
horrors of the war as
nurses.
This showed people
that they were able
to work and provide.
Horrors of a Nurse
 “He moaned through the bandages that his
head was splitting with pain. I gave him
morphine. Suddenly aware of the fact that
he had [numerous] wounds, he asked: ‘Saay! What’s the matter with my legs?’
Reaching down to feel his legs before I
could stop him, he uttered a heartbreaking
scream. I held his hands firmly until the
drug I had given him took effect.” –Shirley
Millard (nurse)
The Allies Win the War
 Russia withdraws• Civil unrest led Czar Nicholas to step down.
• New gov’t was set up  vowed to keep
fighting  Russian army refused Russian
Revolution
• Communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 
signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which
ended the war between Russia and Germany.
 Central powers collapse• Second Battle of the Marne- Allies and
Germans clash.
Central Powers Crumble
 Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks
surrender.
 Austria-Hungary revolution.
 Germany’s soldiers mutinied (rebel).
 Germany and France signed an
armistice- an agreement to stop
fighting
November 11, 1918  WWI ended
Legacy of WWI
New war, new technologies
Grand and global war
Left behind death and destruction
Economic impacts
Treaties  prompted anger and
resentment.
Fighting in the East
Armenian Genocide
Turkish government attempts to wipe
out Armenians in Turkish empire.
Armenian Genocide
 2.5 million Armenians in Turkish Empire
 Armenians are Christian
 Thought to be traitors by Muslim empire
 Obstacle to an all Turkish empire (extreme
nationalism)
Armenian Genocide
 April 24th, 1915 – 100’s
of Armenians arrested –
executed, imprisoned, or
deported
 1000’s of women and
children deported to
Syrian desert – died of
starvation and thirst
 Men executed.
Armenian Genocide
 From 1915 to around 1919 –
1,500,000 of the 2,500,000 Armenians killed