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Nervous System March 31, 2008 Take me to your leader…. The Human Brain Functions Control center for movement, sleep, hunger, thirst, and all activities necessary for survival. Human emotions: love, hate, fear, anger, elation, and sadness are controlled by the brain. This makes us conscious, emotional, and intelligent The human brain weighs about 3 pounds, which is made of 100 billion nerve cells. It is encased in three protective membranes called meninges: Dura mater Arachnoid Layer Pia Mater The brain and spinal cord are bathed in a fluid that protects the internal part of the brain (cushion) and is a medium for the transportation of chemicals within the nervous system. CNS PNS Nervous Tissue Neuroglia Neurons Structure of Nerve Cells--Insulation Myelin Schwann cells Myelin Sheath Structure of Nerve Cells Ganglia White Matter Gray Matter Nerve Impulses Polarized Depolariz ed Repolarized Inactive Active Restore Balance Potassium Ions (+) inside cell, Sodium Ions (+) outside cell. Overall inside cell less + ions than inside cell. Sodium Sodium cannot diffuse, Ions rush but potassium does—1st into cell, restoring the negative making it internal environment more and positive external positive environment, then than Sodium Potassium outside Pump restores balance the cell. between the Action potassium/sodium. potential (IMPULS E) Reflex Arcs Autonomic Somatic Digestion, Elimination, Blood Pressure, Sweating Skeletal Muscles (1) Receptor (2) Effectors organ (3) Afferent Neurons (4) Efferent Neurons Many Reflexes only involve spinal cord neurons Brain Structure and Function Cerebrum Limbic Frontal Lobe Reasoning, Planning, Parts of speech, Movement, Emotions, and Problem solving Thalamus Motor Control Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals Parietal Lobe Movement, Orientation, Recognition, Perception of stimuli Hypothalamus Controls Autonomic, Emotions Homeostasis Motor Functions Regulates Food and Water Intake Regulates Sleep Wake Cycle Occipital Lobe Visual processing Amygdala Memory, emotion, and fear Temporal Lobe Perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Hippocampus Learning and memory converting short term memory to permanent memory Cerebellum “Little Brain” Regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance Brain Stem Mid-Brain Vision, hearing, eye movementand voluntary motor function. Pons consciousness and for sleep. Medulla Maintains vital body functions, such as breathing and heart rate