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CST Review Part III
Protein Synthesis and Physiology
Part I. Protein Synthesis
DNA Basics
Double helix=twisted ladder
 Chromosomes=chains of DNA and
proteins.
 Contains your genetic info (instructions to
make proteins)
 Sequences of DNA=Genes
 Genes=codes for proteins=instructions for
traits

Protein Synthesis -Standards:
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BI4. a. Students know the general pathway by
which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using
tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.
BI5. a. Students know the general structures and
functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.
BI5. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing
rules to explain precise copying of DNA during
semiconservative replication and transcription of
information from DNA into mRNA.
Protein Synthesis –Standards
Explanation:
BI4. a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes
synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in
mRNA.
4.a.-ribosomes make proteins by reading a mRNA message,which has
a code for a specific protein.
 BI5. a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA,
RNA, and protein.
5.a.-DNA-double helix-contain genetic info, RNA-single-stranded, copy
of a section of DNA, protein-make up many parts of the body
 BI5. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain
precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and
transcription of information from DNA into mRNA.
5.b.-DNA-(A-T, C-G), RNA-(A-U, C-G, (T)-A)

SWBAT
Objectives:
 explain the genetic factors that influence
the way we look.
 recognize that DNA contains the genetic
information that determines the way we
look.
 explain the structure and function of DNA.
 predict the physical characteristics of an
organism based on its genetic make up.
 understand the general pathway by which
ribosomes make proteins
Review-How does your DNA
determine what you look like?
Your traits are inherited from your parents.
This means DNA is passed on from
generation to generation in the form of
chromosomes. The codes of the DNA
called genes have the instructions for your
traits. You inherit one copy of each gene
from each parent giving you a certain
genetic make-up that determines your
physical make-up.
How does your DNA determine
what you look like at the molecular
level?

Your traits are determined by your DNA
because your DNA has codes/instructions
for your traits called genes. Genes contain
the codes for proteins, which make-up
many structures such as your fingernails,
hemoglobin, muscles, and the color of
your eyes. The process of converting the
instructions for your traits from your genes
into protein molecules is called protein
synthesis.
Key Concepts for Protein Synthesis
Replication-DNA replication copies the
genetic info of a cell.
 Transcription-converts a gene into a
single-stranded RNA molecule.
 Translation-converts an mRNA message
into a polypeptide, or protein.

What is the central dogma?

The central dogma describes the flow of
information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Part II. Anatomy and Physiology
Big Idea Physiology :The internal environment of
the human body is stable because of multiple
organ systems working together.

The human body is made of different
levels of organization starting with cells
and building up all the way to organ
systems. Organ systems work together
through mechanisms like negative
feedback loops to maintain
homeostasis in the human body.
Anatomy and Physiology Power
Standards

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BI9. a. Students know how the complementary activity of
major body systems provides cells with oxygen and
nutrients and removes toxic waste products such as
carbon dioxide.
BI9. b. Students know how the nervous system mediates
communication between different parts of the body and
the body’s interactions with the environment.
BI9. c. Students know how feedback loops in the
nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in
the body.
BI9. d. Students know the functions of the nervous
system and the role of neurons in transmitting
electrochemical impulses.
Anatomy and Physiology Power
Standards Explanation

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BI9. a.-Organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis by providing cells with oxygen and nutrients
,and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide.
BI9. b.-The nervous system is the communication
network different parts of the body. The nervous system
processes the body’s interaction with the environment.
BI9. c. –Feedback loops (nervous system and endocrine
system) maintain stable conditions in the body (temp.)
BI9. d.-The function of the nervous system is to
communicate and control the functions of the body.
Neurons (nerve cells) send messages to and from the
nervous system.
Objectives:
Understand the function of the nervous
system.
 Explain how the nervous system maintains
homeostasis.
 Explain how the nervous sends messages
and communicates with different parts of
the body.

The Nervous System
Nervous System Basics
Controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body and responds to
internal and external stimuli.
 This communication helps maintain
homeostasis.
 Structures-brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves

Negative Feedback Loop-Ex.
Neurotransmission
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4N
X87Yk
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3F5df
mQ3hk&feature=related

Central and Peripheral Nervous
System

CNS-includes brain and spinal cord,
interprets messages from other nerves in
the body and stores some messages for
later.

PNS-network of nerves that transmits
messages to the CNS and from the CNS
to other organs in the body. (sensory and
motor system)
Central and Peripheral Nervous
System
CNS
 Made of interneurons
 Receives, interpets,
and sends signals to
the PNS.
PNS
 Connects CNS to all
of your organ systems
 Uses sensory
neurons to detect
stimuli
 Uses motor neurons
to carry signals from
CNS to other parts of
the body
The Brain
What are neurons?
Neurons=nerve cells
 Neurons-stores info and carries messages
within the NS and between other body
systems.
 3 types-sensory, interneurons, and motor.
 http://www.infovisual.info/03/video/Nerve%
20impulse.html

Neuron
How are signals transmitted in the
nervous system?

Signals are sent through and between
neurons.

Signal transmission within a neuron is
electrical.

Signal transmission between neurons is
chemical.
Anatomy and Physiology
Standards II.
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BI10. a. Students know the role of the skin in providing
nonspecific defenses against infection.
BI10. b. Students know the role of antibodies in the body’s
response to infection.
BI10. c. Students know how vaccination protects an
individual from infectious diseases.
BI10. d. Students know there are important differences
between bacteria and viruses with respect to their
requirements for growth and replication, the body’s primary
defenses against bacterial and viral infections, and
effective treatments of these infections.
BI10. e. Students know why an individual with a
compromised immune system (for example, a person with
AIDS) may be unable to fight off and survive infections by
microorganisms that are usually benign.
Anatomy and Physiology
Standards II Explanation
BI10. a. Students know the role of the skin in providing nonspecific
defenses against infection.
10.a.Skin protects you from infections by keeping pathogens out of
your body
 BI10. b. Students know the role of antibodies in the body’s
response to infection.
10.b.Antibodies are proteins that identify pathogens and clump them
together for phagocytes to eat.
 BI10. c. Students know how vaccination protects an individual
from infectious diseases.
10.c. Vaccines are “dead” or “weakened” pathogens that are injected
into the human body to trigger an immune response,so that the
body knows how to fight the pathogen in the future.
 BI10. e. Students know why an individual with a compromised
immune system (for example, a person with AIDS) may be unable
to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are
usually benign.
10.e. Weakened immune system=lessened ability to respond to
common infections
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Self-Assessment of Understanding

For the standards you do not understand,
research the terms and write an
explanation of two standards in your own
words.