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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Consists of blood, heart, blood vessels and the lymphatic systems. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 3 types of blood vessels: • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart • Capillaries: Microscopic vessels where oxygen and nutrients diffuse out and carbon dioxide and waste diffuse in. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM What the circulatory provides: • • • • Oxygen and nutrients Disease fighting materials Cell parts and proteins for blood clotting Heat to regulate body temperature. THE HEART • Comprised of Cardiac muscle • Mammals have a 4 chambered heart atria- 2 upper chambers: receive blood back from the body ventricles: 2 lower chambers: pump oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body Path of blood through the heart 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Blood enters through the atria RA (Right atria) gets deoxygenated blood from body LA (Left atria) gets oxygenated blood from lungs When full, atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles. RV (Right Ventricle) contracts sending deoxygenated blood to lungs through the pulmonary artery. 6. LV (Left Ventricle) contracts sending oxygenated blood to the aorta to the body. The largest artery in the heart is the aorta. THE HEART Blood pressure: Force blood exerts on the vessels. Atherosclerosis: blood clots, fat deposits that can block arteries making it harder for the heart to pump blood to the body and in some cases rupture vessels. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Make Up: • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): contain the protein iron that attaches to oxygen and carries it to all the tissues from the lungs. Produced in bone marrow. • White blood cells (leukocytes): Fewer in number to RBC, made in bone marrow, used to fight pathogens that invade the body. • Platelets: cell fragments that release chemicals called fibrin that is used in blood clotting, • Plasma: Liquid part of blood (yellowish); makes up 55% of blood (90% is water, 10% is dissolved materials) NERVOUS The function of the nervous system is allow an organism to think, learn, perceive, move, and express emotion. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information thought the body by conducting electrical signals called nerve impulses. NERVOUS Structure of Neurons: 1. Dendrites – receive information from other cells. 2. Cell body – collects information from the dendrites, relays the information, and maintains the neuron. 3. Axon – conducts nerve impulses. 4. Axon terminals – Where neuron communicate with other cells. 5. Nerves- bundles of axons NERVOUS Myelin sheath is a layer of insulation found on some neurons. Myelin sheaths causes nerve impulses to travel faster down the axon. Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between the myelin sheath. NERVOUS Sensory Neuron- send impulses from receptors in the skin and sense organs to the brain. Interneuron- found in the brain and spinal cord that read the message from the sensory neuron. Motor Neuron-carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to a gland or muscle. Synapse – where a neuron meets another cell. Neurotransmitters – a chemical that transmits the electrical impulse across the synapse. NERVOUS Reflex Arc- a nerve pathway that consists of a sensory, neuron, an interneuron and a motor neuron. NERVOUS The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord controls the body responds to stimuli from the environment NERVOUS Peripheral nervous system contains: Sensory neurons – send information from sense organs to the CNS. Motor neurons – send commands from the CNS to muscles and other organs. NERVOUS2 Divisions of the Peripheral nervous system: Human Endocrine System Endocrine Overview Hormones- chemical messengers travel through body Target cell or organorgan or cells that a hormone affects Control of Hormone Release Negative feedback mechanism- hormone release is triggered by stimulus, rising levels of hormone inhibit further release Endocrine stimuli Hormonal- hormones stimulate the release of others Humoral- blood stimulates release of hormones Neural- nerves stimulate hormone release Anterior Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone (GH)- affects growth of skeletal muscles and bones Prolactin (PRL)- stimulates milk production after pregnancy Gonadotropic- regulates hormone activity of sex organs Also effects adrenal cortex and thyroid hormone release Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin- helps during pregnancy Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- inhibits urine production Alcohol inhibits ADH causing increased output of urine Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormone Controls the rate at which glucose is “burned” Calcitonin Decreases calcium levels in blood deposits on bone Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- regulates Ca2+ in blood If Ca2+ level drops bones is broken down Adrenal Gland Adrenal Cortex Releases hormones that regulate mineral content in blood Adrenal Medulla Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine Helps with stressful situations Pancreas Insulin- increases glucose uptake into cells and stores in liver Glucagon- stimulates breakdown of glucose stores in the liver Pineal Gland Melatonin Establishes body’s day/ night cycle Thymus Thymosin “Programs” T cells Gonads Androgens (male)- sperm formation, development of male char Estrogens (female)- development of female char Step 1 Formation of gametes Step 2 Fertilization Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis Meiosis I Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telephase I Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telephase II Oogenesis in the Ovary Urinary bladder Vas deferens Prostate gland Urethra Seminal vesicle Epididymus Penis Testis BioEd Online Reproductive Anatomy of the Human Male. External: - penis - scrotum Internal: - gonads - accessory sex glands and ducts. Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Testes Male Reproductive System Testes are the male gonads. Testes are located in the scrotum, outside the body cavity. This keeps testicular temperature cooler than the body cavity for storage of sperm. Semen Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and alkaline. It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins. Accessory glands: 1. 2. seminal vesicle prostate gland Seminal vesicle: • A pair of glands that secrete a liquid component of semen into the vas deferens. • Secretion is alkaline • Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin Seminal Vesicle Prostate gland: • Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it leaves the bladder. • Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm and prevents them from sticking together Prostate problems are common in males over 40. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Prostate Ejaculation Ejaculation propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens. The vas deferens run from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder. Here each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra. The urethra drains both the excretory and reproductive systems. • • • • • • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH=LH) Testosterone Negative Feedback Loop Inhibin Feedback Inhibin ABP Acts on anterior pituitary Inhibits FSH production Testosterone Acts on hypothalamus Inhibits GnRH production • • • • • • muscle and bone growth facial and pubic hair growth thickening of vocal cords growth of pharyngeal cartilage hair follicle effects stimulates sebaceous glands Female Reproductive System uterine tube Ovary uterus cervix Bladder vagina clitoris urethra l. majora l. minora Internal reproductive: • • • • • • uterine tube Vagina Cervix Fallopian tube (uterian tube/oviducts) Fimbrae ovary Ovary fimbriae Uterus - Endometrium - Myometrium - Perimetrium uterus endometrium myometrium perimetrium vagina cervix • • • • • • • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Estrogen Progesterone Inhibin Relaxin • • • • • • • • • breast development external genitalia growth bone growth fat deposition Increase protein anabolism Decrease blood cholesterol Facilitate calcium uptake Promotes hydration of skin Feminizes brain After ejaculation into the vagina, sperm swim to meet an egg Sperm live 5-7 days (need cervical mucus) Eggs live about 12-24 hours, so conception only occurs during this short window Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube Fertilization occurs at the moment the chromosomes from the male and female gametes unite 53 Cleavage (cell division) Blastocyst stage by day 4: now in uterus 54 Gestational period: averages 266 days (this is time post conception; 280 days post LMP) Parturition: the act of giving birth: 3 stages of labor 1. 2. 3. Dilation: 6-12h (or more in first child); begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with full dilation of cervix (10cm) Expulsion: full dilation to delivery – minutes up to 2 hours Placental delivery: 15 minutes Dilation of cervis; head enters true pelvis Late dilation with head rotation to AP position Expulsion: head first safest as is largest part Delivery of the placenta 56 Life’s Greatest Miracle • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/m iracle/program.html