Download Circulatory_ Nervous_ Endocrine_ Reproductive_ Immune

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Consists of blood, heart, blood vessels
and the lymphatic systems.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
3 types of blood vessels:
• Arteries: Carry oxygenated
blood away from the heart
• Veins: Carry deoxygenated
blood to the heart
• Capillaries: Microscopic
vessels where oxygen and
nutrients diffuse out and carbon
dioxide and waste diffuse in.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
What the circulatory provides:
•
•
•
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Oxygen and nutrients
Disease fighting materials
Cell parts and proteins for blood clotting
Heat to regulate body temperature.
THE HEART
• Comprised of Cardiac muscle
• Mammals have a 4 chambered heart
atria- 2 upper chambers: receive blood
back from the body
ventricles: 2 lower chambers:
pump oxygenated blood from
the heart to the rest of the body
Path of blood through the heart
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blood enters through the atria
RA (Right atria) gets deoxygenated blood from body
LA (Left atria) gets oxygenated blood from lungs
When full, atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles.
RV (Right Ventricle) contracts sending deoxygenated
blood to lungs through the pulmonary artery.
6. LV (Left Ventricle) contracts sending oxygenated blood
to the aorta to the body.
The largest artery in
the heart is the
aorta.
THE HEART
Blood pressure: Force blood exerts on the
vessels.
Atherosclerosis: blood clots, fat deposits that can
block arteries making it harder for the heart to
pump blood to the body and in some cases rupture
vessels.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood Make Up:
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes): contain the
protein iron that attaches to oxygen and
carries it to all the tissues from the lungs.
Produced in bone marrow.
• White blood cells (leukocytes): Fewer in
number to RBC, made in bone marrow,
used to fight pathogens that invade the
body.
• Platelets: cell fragments that release
chemicals called fibrin that is used in blood
clotting,
• Plasma: Liquid part of blood (yellowish);
makes up 55% of blood (90% is water, 10%
is dissolved materials)
NERVOUS
The function of the nervous system is allow an
organism to think, learn, perceive, move, and
express emotion.
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit
information thought the body by conducting
electrical signals called nerve impulses.
NERVOUS
Structure of Neurons:
1. Dendrites – receive information from other cells.
2. Cell body – collects information from the
dendrites, relays the information, and
maintains the neuron.
3. Axon – conducts nerve impulses.
4. Axon terminals – Where neuron communicate
with other cells.
5. Nerves- bundles of axons
NERVOUS
Myelin sheath is a layer of
insulation found on some
neurons.
Myelin sheaths causes
nerve impulses to travel
faster down the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier – gaps
between the myelin
sheath.
NERVOUS
Sensory Neuron- send impulses from receptors in the
skin and sense organs to the brain.
Interneuron- found in the brain and spinal cord that
read the message from the sensory neuron.
Motor Neuron-carry impulses away from the brain and
spinal cord to a gland or muscle.
Synapse – where a neuron meets another cell.
Neurotransmitters – a chemical that transmits
the electrical impulse across the synapse.
NERVOUS
Reflex Arc- a nerve pathway that consists of a sensory,
neuron, an interneuron and a motor neuron.
NERVOUS
The central nervous
system
 consists of the brain
and spinal cord
 controls the body
 responds to stimuli
from the environment
NERVOUS
Peripheral nervous system
contains:
 Sensory neurons – send
information from sense
organs to the CNS.
 Motor neurons – send
commands from the
CNS to muscles and
other organs.
NERVOUS2 Divisions of the Peripheral nervous system:
Human Endocrine
System
Endocrine Overview


Hormones- chemical
messengers travel
through body
Target cell or organorgan or cells that a
hormone affects
Control of Hormone Release


Negative feedback mechanism- hormone
release is triggered by stimulus, rising levels
of hormone inhibit further release
Endocrine stimuli


Hormonal- hormones stimulate the release of
others
Humoral- blood stimulates release of hormones
Neural- nerves stimulate hormone release
Anterior Pituitary Gland




Growth Hormone (GH)- affects growth of
skeletal muscles and bones
Prolactin (PRL)- stimulates milk production
after pregnancy
Gonadotropic- regulates hormone activity of
sex organs
Also effects adrenal cortex and thyroid
hormone release
Posterior Pituitary


Oxytocin- helps during
pregnancy
Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)- inhibits urine
production

Alcohol inhibits ADH
causing increased output
of urine
Thyroid Gland

Thyroid hormone


Controls the rate at
which glucose is
“burned”
Calcitonin

Decreases calcium
levels in blood deposits
on bone
Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)- regulates
Ca2+ in blood

If Ca2+ level drops
bones is broken down
Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Cortex


Releases hormones that
regulate mineral content in
blood
Adrenal Medulla


Produces epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Helps with stressful situations
Pancreas


Insulin- increases
glucose uptake into cells
and stores in liver
Glucagon- stimulates
breakdown of glucose
stores in the liver
Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Establishes body’s day/ night cycle
Thymus

Thymosin

“Programs” T cells
Gonads


Androgens (male)- sperm formation,
development of male char
Estrogens (female)- development of female
char
Step 1
Formation of
gametes
Step 2
Fertilization
Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis
Meiosis I
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telephase I
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telephase II
Oogenesis in the Ovary
Urinary bladder
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
Seminal vesicle
Epididymus
Penis
Testis
BioEd Online
Reproductive Anatomy of the Human Male.
 External:
- penis
- scrotum
 Internal:
- gonads
- accessory sex glands and ducts.
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Testes
Male Reproductive System
Testes are the male gonads.
Testes are located in the scrotum, outside
the body cavity.

This keeps testicular temperature cooler than
the body cavity for storage of sperm.
Semen
 Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and
alkaline.
 It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating
enzyme, ascorbic acid, and
prostaglandins.
 Accessory glands:
1.
2.
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
Seminal vesicle:
• A pair of glands that secrete a liquid
component of semen into the vas deferens.
• Secretion is alkaline
• Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating
enzyme, prostaglandin
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland:
• Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it
leaves the bladder.
• Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm
and prevents them from sticking together
 Prostate problems are common in males over 40.
 Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers
in men.
Prostate
Ejaculation

Ejaculation propels sperm from
the epididymis to the vas
deferens.



The vas deferens run
from the scrotum and
behind the urinary
bladder.
Here each vas deferens joins with a
duct from the seminal vesicle to
form an ejaculatory duct.
The ejaculatory ducts open into
the urethra.

The urethra drains both
the excretory and
reproductive systems.
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH=LH)
Testosterone
Negative Feedback Loop
Inhibin
Feedback Inhibin
ABP
Acts on anterior pituitary
Inhibits FSH production
Testosterone
Acts on hypothalamus
Inhibits GnRH production
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muscle and bone growth
facial and pubic hair growth
thickening of vocal cords
growth of pharyngeal cartilage
hair follicle effects
stimulates sebaceous glands
Female Reproductive System
uterine tube
Ovary
uterus
cervix
Bladder
vagina
clitoris
urethra
l. majora
l. minora
Internal reproductive:
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uterine tube
Vagina
Cervix
Fallopian tube
(uterian
tube/oviducts)
Fimbrae
ovary
Ovary
fimbriae
Uterus
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
vagina
cervix
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Relaxin
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breast development
external genitalia growth
bone growth
fat deposition
Increase protein anabolism
Decrease blood cholesterol
Facilitate calcium uptake
Promotes hydration of skin
Feminizes brain

After ejaculation into the vagina, sperm swim to meet an egg
 Sperm live 5-7 days (need cervical mucus)
 Eggs live about 12-24 hours, so conception only occurs during this short
window
 Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
Fertilization
occurs at the
moment the
chromosomes
from the male
and female
gametes unite
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 Cleavage
(cell division)
 Blastocyst stage by day 4: now in uterus
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
Gestational period: averages 266 days
(this is time post conception; 280 days post LMP)

Parturition: the act of giving birth: 3 stages of labor
1.
2.
3.
Dilation: 6-12h (or more in first child); begins with regular uterine
contractions and ends with full dilation of cervix (10cm)
Expulsion: full dilation to delivery – minutes up to 2 hours
Placental delivery: 15 minutes
Dilation of cervis; head enters true pelvis
Late dilation with head rotation to AP position
Expulsion: head first safest as is largest part
Delivery of the placenta
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