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Nervous System Functions of Nervous System • The body’s control and communication center • Responds to stimuli in environment • Initiates nerve impulses in muscles and glands Response to Stimuli • Sensory Input – (int. or ext.) –Sensory receptors • Integration – Processing – Control – coordination - communication • Motor Output –Muscles –Glands Parts of Nervous System • Central Nervous System - Association or interneurons –Brain –Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves – Sensory – coming in – Motor – going out Cells of Nervous System Ependymal Glial Cells Neurons Sensory Motor Schwann Satellite Inter Microglial Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Neurons • Conduct action potential (nerve impulse) • Electrically excitable • Have 2 types of processes (axons & dendrites) • Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters • Chemicals release from axon terminals (presynaptic knobs) [~pitchers] • Diffuse across synapse • Land on receptors on dendrites (~catchers) 1. Glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses. 2. Glial cells have a resting potential, but they cannot generate an action potential 3. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons. 4. ~slaves Glial Cells Schwann Cells • PNS • Insulation for neurons of PNS Satellite Cells • PNS • Physical support • • • • • • • • CNS Astrocytes Star shaped Physical & nutritional support Anchors neurons Transports nutrients to neurons Digests parts of dead neurons Cleans up brain debris Regulates contents of extracellular space Microglial Cells • Similar to astrocytes • Digests dead neurons Oligodendrocytes • CNS • Provide insulation to neurons of CNS – myelin sheath • (analogous to Schwann Cells) Ependymal Cells • CNS • Line cavities of CNS • Ciliated – help circulated cerebrospinal fluid • Similar in fx to oligodendrocytes Nervous System Divisions Parasympathetic • Autonomic • Normal operating mode • Your “at rest & repair” state Sympathetic • Autonomic • Emergency overdrive- “fight or flight” • “save the brain” –Send oxygen –Send glucose (ATP) Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Slows heart rate Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Dilates bronchi Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Inhibits peristalsis & digestion Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Stimulates the release of bile from the liver/gall bladder Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Inhibits the external unrinary bladder sphincters Cranial Nerves • PNS • 12 pairs • Come off brain • #’d anterior to posterior “On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops" Sheep Brain • Olfactory bulb (I) • Optic nerve II. Oculomotor nerve III. Trochlear nerve IV. Trigeminal nerve V. Abducens nerve VI. I - Olfactory • Sensory • Smell II – Optic • Vision • Sensory III - Oculomotor • Eye movement • Eyelid movement • Pupil Dilation • Motor IV - Trochlear • Eye Movement • Superior oblique • Downward & laterally V - Trigeminal • Somatosenosory info (touch, pain) from face and head • Muscles for chewing VI - Abducens • Eye movement • Laterally VII - Facial • Taste – anterior 2/3 • Somatosensory from ears • Controls muscles used in facial expressions • Secretion of tears & saliva VIII – Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) • Hearing • Balance Glossopharyngeal - IX • Taste – posterior 1/3 • Somatosensory from tongue, tonsil, pharynx • Controls some muscles used in swallowing • Senses carotid blood pressure X – Vagus • Sensory, motor, & autonomic fxs of viscera • Glands • Stimulates digestion • Slows heart rate • Senses aortic blood pressure Spinal Accessory - XI • Controls muscles used in head movement –Trapezius –Sternocleidomastoid • Swallowing XII - Hypoglossal • Controls tongue movement Spinal Nerves • PNS • 31 pr • Come off spinal cord • #’d superior to inferior • • • • • • • • 1. Cerebrum 2. Corpus callosum 3. Cerebellum 4. Reticular Activating System 5. Spinal Cord 6. Brain Stem 7. Hypothalamus 8. Thalamus Eight small bones of the wrist: Never Lower Tilly's Pants; Mother Might Come Home. Navicular, Lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, greater Multongular, lesser Multongular, Capitate, Hamate. The ten essential amino acids: These Ten Valuable Amino Acids Have Long Preserved Life In Man. Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Histidyine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine. Functions of the blood: Old Charlie Foster Hates Women Having Dull Clothes. Oxygen (transport), Carbon Dioxide (transport), Food, Heat, Waste, Hormones, Disease, Clotting The excretory organs of the body. SKILL. Skin, Kidneys, Intestines, Liver and Lungs.